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1. TRANSFORMATION: 1.1 -ER……THAN
MORE……THAN
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
(NOT) AS/ SO…AS
a/. She speaks English better than I do.
I don’t speak English as well as she does. b/. Tom is more careful than Jerry.
Jerry is not so careful as Tom. c/. Iron is not as strong as steel.
Steel ………………………………………………………………………………………… d/. Your coffee is not as good as the coffee my mother makes.
The coffee …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.2. SO + ADJ + THAT
ADJ + ENOUGH + (FOR) + TO-INF
SUCH + A/ AN + ADJ + N + THAT
a/. This bread is fresh enough for us to eat. This bread is so fresh that we can eat it. It is such fresh bread that we can eat it.
b/. Bill is not old enough to be allowed to drive.
Bill ………………………………………………………………………………………… c/. This camera is cheap enough for us to afford.
It is ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1.2.2. SO + ADJ + THAT TOO + ADJ + (FOR) + TO-INF
ADJ + ENOUGH + (FOR) + TO-INF SUCH + A/ AN + ADJ + N + THAT
a/. He was so drunk that he couldn’t go home.
He ………………………………………………………………………………………… b/. These eggs are so spoiled that we can’t eat them.
These eggs ………………………………………………………………………………… c/. The cat is too fat to chase the mouse.
It …………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.3. IT + BE + ADJ + TO-INF TO-INF + BE + ADJ
a/. To learn English Grammar is not easy. It is not easy to learn English Grammar.
b/. It is essential to combine theory with practice.
To …………………………………………………………………………………………… c/. To master karate is hard for him.
It …………………………………………………………………………………………
1.4. HAD BETTER + V
HAD BETTER NOT + V
ADVISE + TO V ADVISE + NOT TO V
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a/. You’d better not disturb your father while he’s sleeping.
My mom advises me not to disturb my father while he’s sleeping. b/. I advise you to start studying your lessons now.
You’d ……………………………………………………………………………………… c/. I think you should go to the doctor’s.
You’d ……………………………………………………………………………………… d/. You had better tell him before you take this.
I advise ………………………………………………………………………………………
SHOULD/ OUGHT TO + V HAD BETTER + V0
e/. If you can’t come, you should phone him immediately. If you can’t come, you’d better phone him immediately.
f/. Roy, you should stop fooling around, or you’ll be punished.
Roy, you’d ………………………………………………………………………………… 1.5. DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
a/. William said to me: “I am leaving for Brussels tomorrow.”
William ……………………………………………………………………………………… b/. I asked Smith: “Where are you going?”
I …………………………………………………………………………………………… c/. “Will you come back soon, David?” asked his mother.
His mother ………………………………………………………………………………… d/. My father asked me: “Take this for me, dear!”
My father …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.6.
PRESENT SITUATION PRESENT UNREAL CONDITION SENTENCE IN IF
PAST SITUATION PAST UNREAL CONDITION
a/. The driver was asleep, so the accident happened.
If the driver had not been asleep, the accident wouldn’t have happened. b/. He is drunk, so he falls out of his bike and bruise his head.
If …………………………………………………………………………………………… c/. Because the traffic was heavy, he came to work so late.
If ……………………………………………………………………………………………
IF…NOT UNLESS
d/. If you don’t come to see the doctor, your throat will be more inflamed. Unless
………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.7. - PRESENT WOULD + V0
SENTENCE - PAST WISH V2 (Past Subjunctive)
IN SITUATION - FUTURE HAD + V3 (Past Perfect Subjunctive)
a/. I don’t know how to make cakes.
I wish ……………………………………………………………………………………… b/. I’m sorry I didn’t invite her to my party.
I wish ………………………………………………………………………………………
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1.8. ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE
a/. People said that they got married.
They ………………………………………………………………………………………… b/. We know that he is jealous of her.
It …………………………………………………………………………………………… c/. I don’t like my son to tease his friend.
I don’t ……………………………………………………………………………………… d/. Men used to build houses when they got married.
Houses ……………………………………………………………………………………… e/. Will they finish the road soon?
Will ………………………………………………………………………………………………
S + HAVE + DOER + V0 + O S + GET + DOER + TO V + O
S + HAVE/ GET + O + V3 + BY DOER
f/. I will have Sam repair my bicycle.
I will ………………………………………………………………………………………… g/. Get someone to fit the air-conditioner.
Get ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1.9.
ALTHOUGH DIESPITE
THOUGH S + V + … NOUN/ GERUND EVEN THOUGH IN SPITE OF
a/. Although he was so tired, he came to see me. Despite his being tired / tiredness, he came to see me.
b/. Though the old man was experienced, he failed to manage the situation.
In spite of …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.10.
BECAUSE BECAUSE OF
AS S + V + … NOUN/ GERUND SINCE DUE TO
a/. Many competitors had to withdraw because weather condition was bad. Many competitors had to withdraw due to bad weather condition.
b/. He couldn’t pass the exam because he was so lazy.
Because of …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.11.
IT + TAKE + S. O + TIME + TO V
a/. They walked to town in thirty minutes. It took them thirty minutes to walk to town. b/. We spent five days solving this problem.
It took ……………………………………………………………………………………… c/. A trip to Halong Bay lasts a week.
It takes ……………………………………………………………………………………… d/. We wanted to buy a new house; we had to save up for three years.
It took ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1.12. IT WAS NOT UNTIL…………………. THAT + S + V +
……. 3
a/. I could not know how to swim until I was ten. It was not until I was ten that I could swim.
b/. They couldn’t finish the work until the manager came.
It was not ………………………………………………………………………………… c/. The dispute couldn’t be settled down until the police appeared.
It was not …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.13. IT IS SINCE…………………. S + V
+ …….
a/. We haven’t seen each other for three years. It’s three years since we last saw each other. b/. Smith has not washed for a week.
It’s ………………………………………………………………………………………… 1.14. PREFER + V-ING/ TO V
WOULD RATHER
WOULD PREFER + TO V
a/. We would rather die than be slaves We prefer dying to being slaves. b/. He would rather starve than steal. He prefers starving than stealing.
c/. I would prefer to come tomorrow than to day.
I would rather ……………………………………………………………………………… d/. She prefers sunbathing in the beach.
She would rather …………………………………………………………………………… 1.15. S + V + … SO THAT + S + V + …. S + V + … IN ORDER TO + V + ….
IN ORDER THAT SO AS TO/ TO
a/. we are working hard so that we may build socialism in Vietnam. We are working hard in order to build socialism in Vietnam.
b/. they save much money so that they can go abroad.
They ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 1.16. DIRECT QUESTIONS INDIRECT QUESTIONS
a/. Can he speak Chinese?
Do you know if he can speak Chinese?
Could you tell me whether he can speak Chinese? We’d like to know if he can speak Chinese.
b/. What are they doing now?
Do you know what they are doing now? Could you tell me what they are doing now? We’d like to know what they are doing now. c/. What are you talking about?
Do you know ……………………………………………………………………………… d/. Is this the way to Texas?
Could you tell me ……………………………………………………………………………
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1.17.
WHY DON’T YOU + V ….? S + SUGGEST + THAT + S + (SHOULD) V0 + …
a/. “Why don’t you come to see her at once, Hau?” said Nam. Nam suggested that Hau (should) come to see her at once.
b/. “Why don’t you take some medicine, Joe?” asked his mother.
His mother suggested ………………………………………………………………………
LET’S + V + … WHY DON’T YOU + V ….?
c/ Let’s take a break.
Why don’t we take a break? d/. Let’s go out for a walk.
Why don’t ………………………………………………………………………………… 1.18. S + OFTEN/ ALWAYS + V2 + … USED TO + V0
a/. When I was a child, I often went fishing. When I was a child, I used to go fishing. b/. He often smoked thirty years ago.
He used …………………………………………………………………………………… c/. We always came to the theatre on Christmas.
We used ……………………………………………………………………………………
1.19.
BE BE
ACCUSTOMED TO + V-ING / N USED TO + V-ING / N GET GET
a/. I am accustomed to jogging everyday. I am used to jogging everyday.
b/. My brother gets accustomed to meditating for three hours.
My brother gets used …………………………………………………………………… 1.20. COMPOUND SENTENCES EITHER ….. OR ….
…. a/. I am wrong, or you are wrong.
Either you or I am wrong.
b/. he does not have money, and he does not have a job. He has neither money nor job.
2. EXERCISES: Part A
2.1. SIMPLE COMPOUND:
1/. We planned for a long time in order to have a good trip. We planned for a long time, or we couldn’t have a good trip. 2/. We went to bed early in order to get up early.
……………………………………………………………………………………………… 3/. In spite of his great strength, he was overcome.
He was greatly strong, but he was overcome.
4/. In spite of his popularity, he can’t be called a great writer. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 5/. The teacher punished the boy for disobedience.
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