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PHAN TẤT HOÀ --- NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 218 17. Tiwawech, D., Hirose, M., Futakuchi, M., Lin, C., Thamavit, W., Ito, N., and Shirai, T. 2000. Enhancing effects of Thai edible plants on 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline-hepatocarcinogenesis in a rat medium-term bioassay, Cancer Lett., 158, 195. 18. Sunthitikawinsakul, A., Kongkathip, N., Kongkathip, B., Phonnakhu, S., Daly, J. W., Spande, T. F., Nimit, Y., Napaswat, C., Kasisit, J., and Yoosook, C. 2003. Anti-HIV-1 limonoid: first isolation from Clausena excavata. Phytother. Res., 17, 1101. 19. Sunthitikawinsakul, A., Kongkathip, N., Kongkathip, B., Phonnakhu, S., Daly, J. W., Spande, T. F., Nimit, Y., and Rochanaruangrai, S. 2003. Coumarins and carbazoles from Clausena excavata exhibited antimycobacterial and antifungal activities. Planta Med., 69, 155. 20. Sunthitikawinsakul, A., Kongkathip, N., Kongkathip, B., Phonnakhu, S., Daly, J. W., Spande, T. F., Nimit, Y., and Rochanaruangrai, S. 2003. 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Mechanism of (–)clausenamide induced calcium transient in primary culture of rat cortical neurons. Life Sci., 74, 1427. 27. Khan, M. R., Kihara, M., and Omoloso, A. D. 2000. Antimicrobial activity of Evodia elleryana. Fitoterapia, 71, 72. 28. Huang, Y. C., Guh, J. H., and Teng, C. M. 2004. Induction of mitotic arrest and apoptosis by evodiamine in human leukemic T-lymphocytes. Life Sci., 75, 35. 29. Zhang, Y., Zhang, Q. H., Wu, L. J., Tashiro, S., Onodera, S., and Ikejima, T. 2004. Atypical apoptosis in L929 cells induced by evodiamine isolated from Evodia rutaecarpa. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 6, 19. 30. Bowman, R. M., Gray, G. A., and Grundon, M. F. 1973. Quinoline alkaloids. XV. Reactions of a quinoline isoprenyl epoxide with hydride reagents. Asymmetric synthesis and stereochemistry of lunacridine and related Lunasia alkaloids. J. Chem. Soc., 10, 1051. 31. Roy, M. K., Thalang, V. N., Trakoontivakorn, G., and Nakahara, K. 2004. 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CHAPTER 32 Medicinal Plants Classified in the Family Loganiaceae 32.1 GENERAL CONCEPT The family Loganiaceae (Martius, 1827 nom. conserv., the Logania Family) consists of approximately 20 genera and 500 species of tropical trees, shrubs, and climbers that commonly produce iridoids and monoterpenoid indole alkaloids that are formed by the condensation of tryptamine and secologanin (an iridoid). Look H2N ing for Loganiaceae in the field might not be a very easy task; it is advised to look for trees or dichotomous climb- O O OH ers with opposite simple leaves, interpetiolar stipules, no Strychnine Glycine latex, and tubular flowers which are whitish with five lobes, a 2-celled gynaecium, and fruits which are always superior capsules, berries, or drupes. Classical examples of pharmaceutical products of Loganiaceous origin are the dried ripe seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L., a plant of India, Ceylon, Thailand, Cam-H3CO bodia, Laos, Vietnam, and North Malaysia. Nux vomica (British Pharmacopoeia, 1963) and Strychnos ignatii H3CO (Ignatia, PHAN TẤT HOÀ --- NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 220 British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1934) consist of the dried ripe seeds containing not less than 1.2% of strychnine (Figure 32.1). It was used as a bitter and as Brucine an ingredient of purgative pills and tablets. Strychnine Figure 32.1 Examples of bioactive alka(British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1959) was formerly used loids from the family Logato stimulate blood circulation during surgical shock, but niaceae. its use is now more limited to invigorating breathing during poisoning. Strychnine given in a small dose to humans and animals binds to the glycinergic receptor and enhances the motor response of the spinal reflex. Large doses cause tremors and slight twitching of the limbs, followed by sudden convulsions of all muscles. The body becomes arched backwards in hyperextension with the legs and arms extended and the feet turned inward. The facial muscles produce a characteristic grinning expression known as risus sardonicus. Death from medullary paralysis usually follows the second or fifth seizure. The convulsions are mediated spinally and believed to result from a blockade of inhibitory glycinergic sites. Antidotes for strychnine poisoning are short-acting barbiturates and muscle-relaxing drugs. The seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica L. are used to treat eye diseases because strychnine instilled locally increases the ability to discriminate colors and intensities of illumination, particularly in the area of the blue visual field. Strychnos nux-vomica L. was once used to treat amblyopia. The dried rhizome and roots(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com) of Gelsenium sempervirens (Gelsenium, British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1963) contain no less than 0.32% of gelsemine, which has been used as a tincture to treat migraine (Gelsenium Tincture, British Pharmaceutical Codex, 1963). Note that Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) Ait. f. (Evening Trumpet Flower) is a common ornamental garden plant in North America. Another example of medicinal Loganiaceae is Gelsemium nitidum (American Yellow Jasmine), the roots(Buy now from http://www.drugswell.com) of which are occasionally used to reduce headache. While the genus Strychnos has attracted a great deal of interest, very little is known about the pharmacological potential of the remaining genera, a gap that is worth investigating further.1–10 An exciting reserve of potentially active Loganiaceae is in the medicinal plants of the Pacific Rim, where about 20 species are used to invigorate, to counteract putrefaction, to treat eye diseases, and to expel worms from the intestines. Among these are Fagraea auriculata Jack, Fagraea blumei G. Don., Fagraea obovata (non Wall.) King, and Neuburgia corynocarpa (A. Gray) Leenh. PHAN TẤT HOÀ --- NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 221 32.2 FAGRAEA AURICULATA JACK [After J. T. Fagraeus (1729–1747), a Swedish naturalist, and from Latin auriculata = with ears.] 32.2.1 Botany Fagraea auriculata Jack is a climber or small tree that grows from sea level to 1200m in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and throughout the Malay Archipelago. The leaves are opposite, simple, and stipulate. The petiole shows auricles at its base. The blade is 24cm × 10cm, obovate, fleshy, and has 5–8 pairs of secondary nerves that are not prominent below. The flowers are among the largest in the group of flowering plants, 30cm long and 30cm wide when fresh. The sepals are 2– 7.5cm × 1.5cm long and almost free. The corolla tube is up to 15cm long (Figure 32.2). Figure 32.2 Fagraea auriculata Jack. [From: Singapore Field No: 36752. Distributed from The Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Geo-32.2.2 Ethnopharmacology graphical localization: Pengkalan Raja, Pontian. L. Johor. July 3, 1939. Alt.: Sea The Indonesians of Sumatra use the bark to level. Field collector: I. Ngadiman and M. R. Henderson in peat forest.] heal ulcers. The pharmacological properties of this plant are as of yet unknown. 32.3 FAGRAEA BLUMEI G. DON. [After J. T. Fagraeus (1729–1747), a Swedish naturalist, and after Carl Ludwig Blume (1789–1862), a German–Dutch botanist.] PHAN TẤT HOÀ --- NHỮNG CÂY THUỐC CHÂU Á THÁI BÌNH DƯƠNG 222 Geographical localization: Ketambe Mountain and vicinity, 8–15Km, southwest from the mouth of Lau Ketambe, c. 40Km northwest of Kubatjame. Alt.: 2400m, Indonesia.] 32.3.1 Botany Fagraea blumei G. Don. (Fragraea vaginata King & Gamble and Fagraea obovata Wall.) is a river bank tree from Malaysia, Borneo, Java, and the Philippines that grows to a height of 15m with a girth of 35cm. The leaves are simple, opposite, and stipulate. The petiole is 2cm long and without auricles. The blade is elliptic, pointed at the base, and the apex is 29cm × 6.5cm – 12cm × 4cm, with clearly visible secondary nerves. The inflorescences are 4.9cm long, warty, and lenticelled. The flowers are tubular, cream-colored, less than 6cm long, and funnel-shaped. The fruits are green and glossy, ovoid to fusiform, and 3cm long on a persistent calyx (Figure 32.3). 32.3.2 Ethnopharmacology In Indonesia, the leaves are used to reduce fever and to ease headaches. The pharmacological properties in this plant are unexplored. Note, however, that it is known to elaborate a series of lignans, of which pinoresinol showed analgesic and spasmolytic properties in rodents.11 32.4 FAGRAEA OBOVATA (NON WALL.) KING [After J. T. Fagraeus (1729–1747), a Swedish naturalist, and from Latin obovata = obovate, referring to the leaves.] ... - tailieumienphi.vn
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