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so 1 +2 (207+208)-2013

NGON NGU & 001 SONG

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! NGOAI NGD VOI BAN NGU j

LIEN KET LOGIC TRONG VAN BAN HOP
D 6 N G KINH TE TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET
LOGICAL COHERENCE IN ENGUSH AND VIETNAMESE
BUSINESS CONTRACTS
N G U Y I N HUONG GIANG
(NCS, Khoa Ngon nguf, DHKHXH & NV, DHQGHN)
Alislracl
Since ha\ini! become a memher of W I (). Vietnam lias many opportunities to develop its
economy and other areas as well. I oreiyn companies, businesses and investors lui\e paid
more and more attention to Vietnamese market. This means that many business contracts
have been composed and signed. However, how to get a clear, accurate and logical business
contracts is still the matter that a lot of businesses, teachers and students have been
concerned about. The paper detennines the similarities and differences of logical coherence
in English and Vietnamese business contracts in order to give a better understanding of these
two discourses and to help people create more effective business contracts.
1. Mo"d3u
Hien nay a nirac ta co rat nhieu hgp dong
kinh t^ dugc soan thao \ a kl ket. Tuy nhien,
lam th^ nao di co dirge mpt hgp d6ng kinh te
ro rang, chinh xae \ a logic lai la dieu ma rat
nhiiu doanh nghiep, giao vien va hpc vien
ban khoan. Hp thirong thSy khp khi soan mpt
hgp dflng kinh tS bang tieng Anh hay djch
mpt hiTp dflng kinh ti tir tijng Anh sang tiing
Viet chp chuan va ngugc lai. Nguyen nhan
nay co thfl do hp chua hi6u rfl nhttng diem
giflng va khac nhau vfl dien ngon trong van
ban hgp dflng kinh tfl tiflng Anh va tiflng Viet,
Chinh vi vay, chimg toi mufln khao sat nhihig
diflm giflng va khac nhau vfl viec lien kflt logic
(logical cohesion) trong van ban hgp dflng
kinh tfl tiflng Anh va tiflng Viet vpri hi vpng sS
mang dfln cho nhttng ngucri quan tam mpt
each hiflu d§y diJ hgn vfl van ban nay a hai
ngon ngtt va qua do se giup hp co dugc nhttng
hgp dflng kinh tfl de dang hgn, hieu qua hem.

1.1.Moi so khai niem ca hdn
/ /. Lien kel logic (logical cohesion) Irong
van hdn
Theo Halliday va Hasan {1976;4). "Khai
niem lien ket (cohesion) la mgt khai niem ve
ngu nghia (semantic) vi no hucmg den moi
quan he ve mat y nghTa (meaning) trpng van
ban (text)". Trpng Longman Dictionary of
Language teaching and Applied linguistics.
Richards, J.et al (1985:62) dinh nghTa "Lien
kk la mfli quan he ve ngu phap va tir vimg
giila cac thanh phiin ciia mpt van ban. Dp co
thfl la mfli quan he gitta cac cau hoae cac
thanh ph4n cau". Tir dinh nghTa nay co the
thjy ring lien kflt dugc the hien thflng qua
ngii phap va thong qua tu ngO. Lien kflt ngtt
phap (grammatical cphesipn) dugc cpi la cac
hinh thirc lien kflt vfl ngtt nghta trpng khi lien
kflt tir vimg (lexical cohesipn) dugc xem la sir
lien ket nha su xuat hien cua cac tu lien ket
(related vpcabulary items) a cac menh de

46

NGON N U & Ddt S 6 N G
G T

(clause) \ a eau (senleiiee) trong cae dicn ngon
(discourse).
Theo Nguyen Hoa (2nO()23). lien kel
trong van han dirge the hii-n ducVi ba hinh
ihi'rc: hen kel ngfr phiip. lien kcl lir vimg \a
lien kel logic. Irong do. lien kel logic la moi
quan he \c mat lugK thong qua eac bitjn phap
lien kel logic (Ingienl cohesive devices) sau:
C^c bifil [ilukp 1
1 iciiR Aiili
lien kcl 16 ^ic
riiem \
1 Moi cover:
(additioni
; liiUhernuire; and:
NyiNcn nhan
kel qua
(Rea^un resiili)

As: since: because:
diiL'io, ...
As a result. M».

kOrfuan
(sumnialton)
Muc dich
(purpose!

In Loniliision. in

1 ieng Vif'l
Ngo^i ni. hiTii
nCVa. vA: va
lai.
Vi: boi vi; do,

So Ihal. in order
that; lo; in order

Vi vpy. VI Ihe.
cho nen. ...
Tom lai; n6i
t6ni lai; ..
De; de mh;
cho: .,,,

1 11 example for
1
instance;
namely: .
Firsl(ly);
5econd(ly); then;
after that:..
However; whereas,
on the other hand:
inconlrasl....
Similarly;
compared with; in
the same way; ...
In oilier words:
altemalively; or;

Vi dy. till dy;
chSng h^n,
nhu 1^; ...
Truoc lien.
sau day; tren
dayl^
Tuy: ngugc
lai: trai lai;
song;.. .
luongI\r; so
voi: giong
nhu; ...
Noi cdeh
khac: ho^c;

Chuyen y
(transiiion)

By Ihe way;
incidentally; come
to mention i l ; ,

Nhan ti?n;
li?n thi.

Dieu kien
(condition)
Thoi gian {time
location)

X

Neu. dti; mjlc
dii: chodu;.
Roi. sau d6;
dong thai;

Dia diem
(place)

X

T^i; tgi dSy;
trong dd;

Suy luan
(inference)

This means ihal. in
that case it follws
that, otherwise;....

X

Minhhud
(example)
Liet ke
(enumeralion)
06i lap
(conlrast)
So sanh
(comparison)'
Dien giai
(formulation)

X

s6l+2(207+208)-2013

Bung li^t kc cdc bifn phap lien ket logic
trong tieng Anh v^ tieng Vl(t
1.2. ll(,rp df'mfi kinh te
C'arvan el al (1995) djnh nghia: "I lpp dong
1^ mgi thoa thuan ve nghTa v(i vS quyen han
phiip li dut,Tc thiet lap giija hai hoae nhi^u ben
(parties)". Jerry ni. Rosenberg (1992: 82) cho
rang: "I I(7p dong la mgi thoa thu^n giira hai
Imae nhieu ngu-ai (persons) dirge phap lual
c6ng nhan, irong do inCit ho$c nhieu ngiroi
phai dure hi?n eac yeu cau eua ngiroi kia theo
nhu ihoa thuan". 16m lai. hop dong la mot sir
thoa thuan ve viec se thirc hi?n hay khong
th^rc hi?n mpt dieu gi do. Mgt hop dong c6
tinh logic co nghTa la no co s\f rang buoc ve
mat phap Ii va co hieu lire. Moi diem thoa
thuan trong hgrp dong deu phai ro rang, co chii
the di kem de tranh nhihig tranh chap va kien
lung C the xa) ra.
O
Irong hoat dgng san xual va kinh doanh co
hai loai hgp dong: hgp dong kinh te va hop
dong dan sir. Vi khao sat nay tap trung vao
phan tich sir lien kel logic trong vSn ban hop
dong kinh te nen chi giai thich khai ni?m hgp
dong kinh tc lagi.
Hgp dong kinh tc la sir thoa thuan bang
van ban gi&a cac ben ve \iee lh\rc hien cong
vi?c san xuat, trao doi hang hoa. djch vy,
nghien ciju, iing dyng lien bp khoa hgc - kl
thugt va cac thoa thu^n khac nham myc dich
kinh doanh. Hpp dong kinh te dirge ki giua
phap nhan voi phap nhan, ho^c giO'a phap
nhan vcri ca nhan co dang ki kinh doanh.
2. Lien ket logic trong van ban hfp dong
kinh te tieng Anh va tieng Vi^t
2.1. Lien kel logic trong vdn han hap dong
kinh te lieng Anh
Theo Quirk (1980: 132). co hai each lifin
ket logic. Do la dya vao trgt tu cau tir (linear
ordering) v& sti dyng lien tir (conjunction).
Trong d6, lien ket logic d ^ tren tr^t t\r cau tit
dugc coi la bi?n phap logic phy thu^c chii yeu
vio npi dung cua van ban. Sy sap xep tr^t t\r

so 1+2 (207+208)-2013

NGON N G Q * OOl^SONG

eac cau trong van ban lam cho \ r i n ban logic
va iiiaeh lae nen neu thay doi trat tir nay vSn
biin se mat di sir logic va maeh lae do.
V i du: "CunlracI shall he efleclive after ihe
approval ufthe euinpeient autburilv which is IvK '
The ('lieni shall send a written nulifiealian la the
('onlrucUir in 10 days after approval
The
Conlraetor .sludl commence the uork under the
eunlrael inunedialelv
iipim iweipi
of such
nolijicalion hy the ( Ueni." ("I lap dowj. eo hieu
lire sau khi dirge sir chap thuan cua ca quan
eii tham quyen la \ ' . \ ( . ' Kliaeh hang phai giri
thong bao bang \ an ban eho nha than irong 10
nga\ sau khi phe duyet. N h a thau se bat dau
cong \iee theo liirp dong nga> khi nhan dirge
tilting bao eiia khach hang"). Neu lha> doi iral
lir cau eua \ an han na\ n h u sau: "The
Ccmlraetor shall eainmenee tbe work under ihe
eunlrael iimnecbalelv upcm receipt of such
noiifiealiim h\ the Client. Ctmtraci sludl he
effeelive after the approved of tbe eumpeteni
aiiihurity which is \'.-\C. The Client shall .\end a
written nulifiealum lo the Ccmlratfor tn 10 days
after approval.", thi \ a n ban nay khong logic
nira.
Chinh v i \ a y ma D o H i j u Chau (1996)
eung thira nhan rang lien ket logic dira tren
trat lir eau lir la bien phap lien ket logic dirge
sir dung pho bien iihal trong cac van ban.
Ben canh lien ket logic dira tren trat Ur cau.
hen kel logic su d u n g lien tir eung dugc sir
dyng kha pho bien trong cac hgp dong kinh te
li^ng A n h . V i d u : "The Contractor's personnel
are obliged Ui refrain pcmi any aelion, for
instance theft, tnctiemenl la ihefl. iinaulhurized
di.selu.sure of infurmaliim wbteh could endanger
or harm the ccmjidentiid nature of ihe Client's
bii.sine.ss. Therefore, sbuuld a member of,staff fail
lo re.spect this clause, ihe Client has ihe right to
demand die nnineduile replacement oJ this
personnel acceplahle hy ibe Clienl. In thai ea.se.
all Ihe eusis associated with such replacement,
shall he met hv the Canlraelur.'" (Cac nhan vien
cua Nha t h I u khong dugc phep co bat cir mgt
hanh dpng nao n h u la: trpm cap. kich dpng
hanh v i t r p m cap, khong dugc phep tiet Ip
thong tin co the gay nguy hiem hoae gay hai

cho linh chiil bi mat kinh doanh eua khach
hang. V i vay, iicu m g i nhan vien nao khong
ton trgng dicu khoan nay. khach hang co
quyen yeu c3u thay the ngay nhan vien do.
Trong i r u o n g hgp do. nha than phai chju tat
c:i eae ehi phi lien quan viec thav the).
Theo ket qua nghien c i m thi nhom lien lir
dirge sir dung nhieu nhal irong cae hgp dong
kinh le tieng A n h la eae nhom lien lir sau:
them \ a o (addition), doi lap (contrast), minh
hga (example), suy luan (iiircrcnee), dien
giiii ( f o r m u l a t i o n ) .
2.2. Lien kel lof^ic
duim kinh le tieng I 'li't

tron^

vdn ban

hap

( j i o n g n h u \ r i i i ban hgp dong k i n h le
tieng A n h . van ban hgp diing kinh te lieng
V i ? l cung dya vao trai t u cau tir de liC'n kel
logic. Thi du t r o n g doan van ban htrp dong
kinh le sau.
Dieu 2: Trach nhiem ciia ben B
2.}. Tien bdnh xdy dung ehucmg irinh Ke
loc'in Vein lat vd dieu hdnh hocti dc'>ng kinh doanh
eho llai Vdn ibeu cde veu cdu diuie de ra Wong
phll llic 01 cua hcfp ddng nav C 'de edng viet dici/e
lien hdnh theo ke hogeh de ra trcmg phu luc .so 02
2 6 Chuyen giao cdng nghe. bdn giau ede Un
heu vd hien hdn nghiem llm he ihdng .sau khi lin
cdng viee cia dugc ihiec bien. ci'ic kel cpia dd diu/i
chuyen giao. Daub .sdch cc'ic ldi lieu ccr ban t ua du
cm md ben B phai hdn giaa cbu bUn A bao gdm
hd sa khau sdi. hd sa phdn lich tbiel ke. bg dia
chinmg Irinh c di dgt, bg diu ehinmg tnnh ngudn
Cac nghien c i m cung cho thay eac nhcini
lien tir sau day dugc su dung kha pho bien
trong eae hgp dong k i n h le licng Viet: dieu
kien (condition), them vao (addition), iict kc
(enumeration), doi lap (contrast), muc dieh
(purpose), r h i du:
Dieu 4: ThM gian vd tien do thuc hi^n
Neu Ircmg cfud Irinh thuc bien birp ddng. do
dii'u kien ndo do eua mcil ben md ede nuk- thdi
gian cd llie thay ddi thl hen dd phcn cd de nghi
chinh thirc vdi ben kia. hen nhcin dtcuc de nghi .se
lien hdnh phdn tich anh hucmg eua thav dot vcri
todn bd tien trinh ciia hc/fi ddng. Sau do hen ben

48

NGON N G Q & o d i S 6 N G

s6l+2(207+208)-2013

Tieng Vi?t: Ben B chiu trdeh nhi('m lgp d^
thdng nhdt ve ec'ie vdn di- hf lliav dui. ede chi phi
phdt sinh ch_ nguven nhdn id hen nc'iii ibi hen dd thao phinmg ibi'iv bao bdnb nine cfuy trinh. miu
eliiu in'ich nhii'in thanh ludn Inu'nig hop be" l^ md. ngin'ri yen edu, ngudi nbchi, ngdy hc'tt ddu hm
cu imh iri hudn v^-e hac'in thdnli hgp ddng cliing hdnh. Tuv nhien, hen A pbcd cd Irdch nhiem thdng
tlvri hgn iheu tpiv dinh igi diem 4.1 eua hgp dung qua phmrng thicc hau hdnh cb> hen li dif thau
nav. hen B .se chgi phgt vi phgm thdi hgn llnic hien trcmg vc'mg murri ngciy ke tic khi cu de xudl.
Dicu nay co the khang djnh rang cac bien
hgp ddng vdi gid iri .^"i. gid tri hgp ddng iheo '"
nguon tai.lieu . vn