Lecture Mosby's paramedic textbook (4th ed) - Chapter 33: Nontraumatic musculoskeletal disorders

9/11/2012 1 Chapter 33 Nontraumatic Musculoskeletal Disorders 2 Learning Objectives • Outline musculoskeletal structure and function. • Describe how to perform a detailed assessment of the extremities and spine. • Specify questions in the patient history that help identify musculoskeletal problems. • Describe assessment and management of specific nontraumatic musculoskeletal disorders based on an understanding of the pathophysiology. 3 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 1 9/11/2012 Anatomy and Physiology Review • Musculoskeletal system – Bones – Muscles – Tendons and ligaments – Articulating surfaces • Joints • Bursa • Discs 4 Skeletal System • Contains bony structures that provide support and protection for body • Provides system of levers on which muscles act to produce body movement 5 Skeletal System • Contains 206 individual bones, divided into two categories – Axial skeleton • Skull • Hyoid bone • Vertebral column • Thoracic cage – Appendicular skeleton • Bones of upper and lower extremities • Girdles, by which attached to body 6 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 2 9/11/2012 7 Skeletal System • Body movement made possible by bones connected to other bones – With exception of hyoid bone, every bone in body connects to at least one other bone by way of joints – Three major classes of joints • Fibrous • Cartilaginous • Synovial 8 Skeletal System • Fibrous joints – Two bones united by fibrous tissue that have little or no movement – Example: suture in skull bones • Cartilaginous joints – Unite two bones by means of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage – Slightly movable – Examples: epiphyseal plate of a growing bone, junctions of intervertebral discs 9 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 3 9/11/2012 Skeletal System • Synovial joints – Contain synovial fluid that allows for considerable movement – Most joints that unite bones of appendicular skeleton – Example: hinge joint of elbow and knee, ball‐and‐ socket joints of shoulder and hip 10 11 Muscular System • Responsible for execution of movement and postural maintenance • Major types of muscles – Skeletal – Cardiac – Smooth muscle 12 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 4 9/11/2012 Muscular System • Skeletal muscle – Most common – Most involved in musculoskeletal disorders – Attached to bones by tendons – Ligaments connect bone or cartilage, helps strengthen and support joints 13 Muscular System • Skeletal muscle – Has specialized contractile cells known as muscle fibers – When nervous impulse passes through muscle fiber, specialized chemicals cause muscle to contract – Most extend from one bone to another and cross at least one joint – Contraction of some muscles and simultaneous relaxation of other muscles produce body movement • Made possible by pulling one bone toward other across movable joint 14 Muscular System • Muscle tone – Postural maintenance is result of muscle tone – Constant tension produced by muscles of body for long periods of time – Responsible for keeping back and legs straight, head in upright position, abdomen from bulging – Postural maintenance balances distribution of body weight • Puts less strain on muscles, tendons, ligaments, bones 15 Copyright © 2013 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company 5 ... - tailieumienphi.vn