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chapter eleven Financial Forces McGraw­Hill/Irwin International Business, 11/e Copyright © 2008 The McGraw­Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives Explain how money can be made and lost in the foreign exchange (FX) markets Understand foreign exchange quotations, including cross rates Describe currency exchange controls Explain how financial forces such as tariffs, taxes, inflation and the balance of payments can affect international management 11-3 Fluctuating Currency Values • Freely floating currencies fluctuate against each other • Fluctuations may be quite large • Financial managers must understand how to protect against losses or optimize gains 11-4 Foreign Exchange Terminology Foreign Exchange Quotation The price of one currency expressed in terms of another Reported in the world’s currency exchange markets Central reserve asset Asset, usually currency, held by a government’s central bank Vehicle currency A currency used as a vehicle for international trade or investment Intervention currency A currency used by a country to intervene in the foreign currency exchange markets, often to buy (strengthen) its own currency 11-5 ... - tailieumienphi.vn
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