Lecture Educational administration: Theory, research, and practice (9/e): Chapter 4 - Wayne K. Hoy, Cecil G. Miskel

Chapter 4 Individuals in Schools McGraw­Hill/Irwin W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011© 2013 McGraw­Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Individuals are motivated by their: • Needs • Beliefs • Goals W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 4­2 I Maslow’s Theory of Needs Assumptions: 1. Individual needs are universal and arranged in a hierarchy. 2. Unfilled needs lead individuals to focus on those needs. 3. Lower­level needs must be satisfied before higher­level needs become strong motivators. Needs: 1. Physiological Needs (Air, Food, Sleep, etc.) 2. Safety and Security Needs (Protection against danger and threat) 3. Belongingness Needs (Belonging to groups, having friends, etc.) 4. Esteem Needs (Self­respect and the respect of others) 5. Self­Actualization Needs (Being all you can be; finding potential) W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 4­3 Theories of Motivation: Needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs – Basic set of human needs arranged in a hierarchical order • Level 1: Physiological Needs • Level 2: Safety and Security • Level 3: Belonging, Love, and SocialActivities • Level 4: Esteem • Level 5: Self-actualization or self-fulfillment W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 4­4 Theories of Motivation: Needs II Herzberg’s Motivation­Hygiene Theory: Two Types of Needs Assumptions: 1. Satisfaction and dissatisfaction are two separate factors, not opposites. 2. Factors that produce satisfaction are different from those that promote dissatisfaction. •Motivators are generally intrinsic factors such as achievement and the work itself. •Hygiene factors are generally extrinsic factors such as salary and working conditions. 3. Motivators are higher level needs and tend to promote satisfaction. 4. Hygiene factors are lower level needs and tend to promote dissatisfaction W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 4­5 ... - tailieumienphi.vn