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Chapter 2 The Technical Core: Learning and Teaching W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 McGraw­Hill/Irwin © 2013 McGraw­Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Levels of Organizational Structure Talcott Parsons: Three levels of structure in organizations •Technical •Managerial •Institutional Technical Core: system of organizational activity where the “product” of the organization is produced. In schools, the teaching-learning process, as the technical core, shapes many administrative decisions. W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 2­2 Learning Defined • Learning: experience produces a stable change in someone’s knowledge or behavior. – Change must occur because of experience, whether or not the learning is intentional or unintentional • No one best explanation of learning, but three general theories: – Behavioral theories: stress observable changes in behaviors, skills, and habits – Cognitive theories: stress internal mental activities such as thinking, remembering, creating, and problem solving – Constructivist theories: stress how individuals make meaning of events and activities. Learning = construction of knowledge W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 2­3 Behavioral Perspective on Learning • Behaviorists not concerned primarily with mental or internal processes, but rather with changes in behavior brought about by experience. • B.F. Skinner and his followers emphasize antecedents and consequences as mechanisms for changing behavior. • Environmental influences (antecedents and consequences) shape all behavior, in the “A-B-C” pattern: – Antecedent-behavior-consequence: antecedent precedes behavior, which is followed by a consequence – Consequences of behavior become antecedents for next ABC sequence – Change behavior by changing antecedents, consequences, or both W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 2­4 Consequences • Early behavioral work focused on consequences more than antecedents. • Kind of consequence and timing of consequence will strengthen or weaken individual’s propensity for a certain behavior. • Two kinds of consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment – Reinforcement strengthens or increases frequency of behavior. – Punishment weakens or suppresses behavior. – Be careful not to confuse punishment with negative reinforcement: no matter how you reinforce, if you’re reinforcing you’re strengthening behavior. W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 2­5 ... - tailieumienphi.vn
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