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Chapter 2
The Technical Core: Learning and Teaching
W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011
McGrawHill/Irwin © 2013 McGrawHill Companies. All Rights Reserved.
Levels of Organizational Structure
Talcott Parsons: Three levels of structure in organizations
•Technical •Managerial •Institutional
Technical Core: system of organizational activity where the “product” of the organization is produced.
In schools, the teaching-learning process, as the technical core, shapes many administrative decisions.
W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 22
Learning Defined
• Learning: experience produces a stable change in someone’s knowledge or behavior.
– Change must occur because of experience, whether or not the learning is intentional or unintentional
• No one best explanation of learning, but three general theories:
– Behavioral theories: stress observable changes in behaviors, skills, and habits
– Cognitive theories: stress internal mental activities such as thinking, remembering, creating, and problem solving
– Constructivist theories: stress how individuals make meaning of events and activities. Learning = construction of knowledge
W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 23
Behavioral Perspective on Learning
• Behaviorists not concerned primarily with mental or internal processes, but rather with changes in behavior brought about by experience.
• B.F. Skinner and his followers emphasize antecedents and consequences as mechanisms for changing behavior.
• Environmental influences (antecedents and consequences) shape all behavior, in the “A-B-C” pattern:
– Antecedent-behavior-consequence: antecedent precedes behavior, which is followed by a consequence
– Consequences of behavior become antecedents for next ABC sequence
– Change behavior by changing antecedents, consequences, or both W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 24
Consequences
• Early behavioral work focused on consequences more than antecedents.
• Kind of consequence and timing of consequence will strengthen or weaken individual’s propensity for a certain behavior.
• Two kinds of consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment
– Reinforcement strengthens or increases frequency of behavior. – Punishment weakens or suppresses behavior.
– Be careful not to confuse punishment with negative reinforcement: no matter how you reinforce, if you’re reinforcing you’re strengthening behavior.
W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 25
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