Lecture Educational administration: Theory, research, and practice (9/e): Chapter 1 - Wayne K. Hoy, Cecil G. Miskel

Chapter 1 The School as a Social System W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 McGraw­Hill/Irwin © 2013 McGraw­Hill Companies. All Rights Reserved. Chapter 1: The School as a Social System What is Organizational Theory? A set of interrelated concepts, assumptions, and generalizations that describes and explains patterns of behavior in organizations. Elements of Theory: Concepts Generalizations Assumptions Purposes of Theory: Provide an explanation of how things generally work. Guide research Guide practice Hypotheses: Conjectural statements that explain relationships. Use to test theories. Guide research Scientific Knowledge: Propositions supported by systematic research. Purpose of Science: To test theory and to provide reliable explanation. W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 1­2 Theory Concepts Variables Assumptions And Generalizations Hypotheses Concepts Empirical Testing Principles Figure 1.1: Theory­Research Relation ( Hoy 2007) W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 1­3 Historical Development of Theory and Thought in Administration I. Rational­Systems Perspective: A Machine Model Scientific Management (The Beginning) Frederick Taylor­Scientific Management •Time and Motion Studies •Standardization •Exception Principle •Division of Labor •Span of Control Henri Fayol­Functions of Administration •Planning •Organizing •Commanding •Coordinating •Controlling Luther Gulick­­Functions of the Executive •POSDCoRB Rational­Systems Perspective (A Contemporary View of Scientific Management) •Goals­­Organizations exist to attain collective goals •Division of Labor for efficiency •Specialization for expertise •Standardization for routine performance •Formalization for uniformity and coordination •Hierarchy for unity of command and coordination •Span of Control for effective supervision •Exception Principle to free superiors from routine •Coordination for administrative effectiveness •Formal Organization is the official blueprint of the structure that guarantees efficiency and effectiveness. The formal organization is the key to organizational effectiveness. W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 1­4 II. Natural­Systems Perspective: An Organic Model Human Relations (The Beginning) Mary Parker Follett Taylor antagonist and human relations advocate Contemporary Natural System (Human Resources View) •Survival­­organizations are more than instruments for goal attainment; they are social groups that adapt and survive. •Individuals are more important than the structure. •Needs motivate performance more than role demands . •Specialization can promote boredom and frustration. Hawthorne Studies •Formalization produces rigidity and rule fixation. •Illumination Studies­­three studies •Informal Norms not formal rules are critical to performance. •Elton Mayo­­more studies(1927­32) •Hierarchy is ineffective because it usually neglects talent. •Hawthorne Effect •Span of Control is dysfunctional because it fosters close and Informal Organization •Norms •Grapevine •Informal leaders •Cliques Informal Norms “No squealing” “No rate busting” “No chiseling” “Be a regular guy” authoritarian supervision. •Informal Communication is more efficient and open than formal communication. •Informal Organization­­informal structures are more important than formal ones just as informal leaders are more influential than formal ones. The informal organization is the key to effectiveness. W. K. Hoy © 2003, 2008, 2011 1­5 ... - tailieumienphi.vn