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Chapter 2 Approaches to language testing Language tests are chronologically classified according to four main approaches: (1) the essay translation approach; (2) the structuralist approach; (3) the integrative approach; and (4) the communicative approach (1) the essay translation approach Characteristics: No special skill or expertise in testing Subjective judgment of teacher Essay writing, translation & grammatical analysis (comments about the language) Disadvantages: tests a heavy literary and cultural bias an aural/ oral component at the upper intermediate & advantage levels as something additional & not an integral part of the syllabus or examination (2) the structuralist approach Language learning chiefly concerned with the systematic acquisition of set of habits. Focusing the importance of contrastive analysis & the need to identify & measure learners’ mastery of separated elements of L2:phonology, vocabulary & grammar Listening, speaking, reading & writing are separated from one another & it’s essential to test one skill at a time. The need for statistical measures of reliability & validity - important in testing multiple choice item ... - tailieumienphi.vn
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