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Chapter 2
Approaches to language testing
Language tests are chronologically classified according to four main approaches:
(1) the essay translation approach; (2) the structuralist approach;
(3) the integrative approach; and (4) the communicative approach
(1) the essay translation approach
Characteristics:
No special skill or expertise in testing Subjective judgment of teacher
Essay writing, translation & grammatical analysis (comments about the language)
Disadvantages:
tests a heavy literary and cultural bias
an aural/ oral component at the upper intermediate & advantage levels as something additional & not an integral part of the syllabus or examination
(2) the structuralist approach
Language learning chiefly concerned with the systematic acquisition of set of habits.
Focusing the importance of contrastive analysis & the need to identify & measure learners’ mastery of separated elements of L2:phonology, vocabulary & grammar
Listening, speaking, reading & writing are separated from one another & it’s essential to test one skill at a time.
The need for statistical measures of reliability & validity - important in testing multiple choice item
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