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EM 1110-2-2907 1 October 2003
US Army Corps of Engineers
ENGINEERING AND DESIGN
Remote Sensing
ENGINEER MANUAL
CECW-EE
Engineer Manual No. 1110-2-2907
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY U. S. Army Corps of Engineers Washington, D.C. 20314-1000
Engineering and Design REMOTE SENSING
EM 1110-2-2907
1 October 2003
Table of Contents
Subject Paragraph Page
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Remote Sensing
Purpose of this Manual............................................................................1-1 1-1 Contents of this Manual ..........................................................................1-2 1-1
CHAPTER 2
Principles Of Remote Sensing Systems Introduction...............................................................................................2-1 2-1 Definition of Remote Sensing...................................................................2-2 2-1 Basic Components of Remote Sensing......................................................2-3 2-1 Component 1: Electromagnetic Energy Is Emitted
From A Source..........................................................................................2-4 2-2 Component 2: Interaction of Electromagnetic Energy with Particles
in the Atmosphere .....................................................................................2-5 2-14 Component 3: Electromagnetic Energy Interacts with Surface and
Near Surface Objects.................................................................................2-6 2-20 Component 4: Energy is Detected and Recorded by the Sensor...............2-7 2-29 Aerial Photography....................................................................................2-8 2-42 Brief History of Remote Sensing ..............................................................2-9 2-44
CHAPTER 3
Sensors and Systems Introduction...............................................................................................3-1 3-1 Corps 9—Civil Works Business Practice Areas .......................................3-2 3-2 Sensor Data Considerations.......................................................................3-3 3-3 Value Added Products...............................................................................3-4 3-7 Aerial Photography....................................................................................3-5 3-8 Airborne Digital Sensors...........................................................................3-6 3-8 Airborne Geometries.................................................................................3-7 3-9 Planning Airborne Acquisitions................................................................3-8 3-9 Bathymetric and Hydrographic Sensors....................................................3-9 310 Laser Induced Fluorescence......................................................................3-10 3-10 Airborne Gamma.......................................................................................3-11 3-11 Satellite Platforms and Sensors.................................................................3-12 3-11 Satellite Orbits...........................................................................................3-13 3-12
EM 1110-2-2907 1 October 2003
Subject Paragraph Page
Planning Satellite Acquisitions .................................................................3-14 3-13 Ground Penetrating Radar Sensors............................................................3-15 3-14 Match to the Corps 9—Civil Works Business Practice Areas ..................3-16 3-15
CHAPTER 4
Data Acquisition and Archives Introduction.............................................................................................4-1 4-1 Specifications for Image Acquisition ..................................................4-2 4-2 Satellite Image Licensing........................................................................4-3 4-3 Image Archive Search and Cost..............................................................4-4 4-3 Specifications for Airborne Acquisition..................................................4-5 4-6 Airborne Image Licensing.......................................................................4-6 4-7 St. Louis District Air-Photo Contracting.................................................4-7 4-7
CHAPTER 5
Processing Digital Imagery Introduction.............................................................................................5-1 5-1 Image Processing Software.....................................................................5-2 5-1 Metadata..................................................................................................5-3 5-1 Viewing the Image ..................................................................................5-4 5-2 Band/Color Composite............................................................................5-5 5-2 Information About the Image..................................................................5-6 5-2 Datum......................................................................................................5-7 5-2 Image Projections....................................................................................5-8 5-3 Latitude....................................................................................................5-9 5-3 Longitude ................................................................................................5-10 5-4 Latitude/Longitude Computer Entry .......................................................5-11 5-4 Transferring Latitude/Longitude to a Map..............................................5-12 5-4 Map Projections.......................................................................................5-13 5-5 Rectification............................................................................................5-14 5-6 Image to Map Rectification.....................................................................5-15 5-7 Ground Control Points (GCPs)................................................................5-16 5-7 Positional Error........................................................................................5-17 5-7 Project Image and Save...........................................................................5-18 5-11 Image to Image Rectification..................................................................5-19 5-12 Image Enhancement................................................................................5-20 5-12
CHAPTER 6
Remote Sensing Applications in USACE Introduction.............................................................................................6-1 6-1 Case Studies ............................................................................................6-2 6-1 Case Study 1............................................................................................6-3 6-1 Case Study 2............................................................................................6-4 6-5 Case Study 3............................................................................................6-5 6-8 Case Study 4............................................................................................6-6 6-10 Case Study 5............................................................................................6-7 6-12 Case Study 6............................................................................................6-8 6-14
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EM 1110-2-2907 1 October 2003
Subject Paragraph Page
Case Study 7............................................................................................6-9 6-15 Case Study 8............................................................................................6-10 6-17 Case Study 9............................................................................................6-11 6-19 Case Study 10..........................................................................................6-12 6-22
APPENDIX A References
APPENDIX B
Regions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum and Useful TM Band Combinations
APPENDIX C
Paper Model of the Color Cube/Space
APPENDIX D Satellite Sensors
APPENDIX E
Select Satellite Platforms and Sensors
APPENDIX F Airborne Sensors
APPENDIX G
TEC’s Imagery Office (TIO) SOP
APPENDIX H
Example Contract - Statement of Work (SOW)
APPENDIX I
Example Acquisition – Memorandum of Understand (MOU)
GLOSSARY
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