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Industrial Chemistry
Prepared by Helen Njeri NJENGA
African Virtual university Université Virtuelle Africaine Universidade Virtual Africana
African Virtual University
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This document is published under the conditions of the Creative Commons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons
Attribution http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ License (abbreviated “cc-by”), Version 2.5.
African Virtual University
Table of ConTenTs
I. Industrial Chemistry ________________________________________3
II. Prerequisite Course or Knowledge _____________________________3
III. Time ____________________________________________________3
IV. Materials_________________________________________________4
V. Module Rationale __________________________________________4
VI. Content__________________________________________________5
6.1 Overview ___________________________________________5 6.2 Outline _____________________________________________5 6.3 Graphic Organizer_____________________________________7
VII. General Objective(s) ________________________________________8
VIII. Specific Learning Activities___________________________________8
IX. Pre-assessment __________________________________________11
X. Compiled List of all Key Concepts (Glossary) ____________________14
XI. Compiled List of Compulsory Readings ________________________15
XII. Compiled List of Resources_________________________________16
XIII. Compiled List of Useful Links________________________________17
XIV. Learning Activities_________________________________________20
XV. Synthesis of the Module ___________________________________162
XVI. Summative Evaluation ____________________________________163
XVII. References _____________________________________________165
XVIII. Student records_________________________________________166
XIX. Main Author of the Module _________________________________166
XX. File Structure_____________________________________________167
African Virtual University
I. Industrial Chemistry
By Dr. Helen Njeri Njenga, University of Nairobi and William Wanasolo
II. Prerequisite Courses or Knowledge
Module 5
Unit I Basic Organic Chemistry Unit II Hydrocarbons
Unit III Alkyl halides Unit IV Amines
Module 6
Unit I Alcohols and ethers
Unit III Carboxylic acids and their derivatives
Module 7
Unit I Benzene and its derivatives Unit III Heterocyclic compounds
Module 9
Thermodynamics
Chemical principles of variable constituents
III. Time
This unit will require 120 hours
• Unit I Introduction to industrial chemistry and the chemical industry (15 hrs) • Unit 2. Unit Operations and Unit Processes (20 hrs)
• Unit 3. Industrial Inorganic Chemistry I (Extractive Metallurgy) (10 hrs)
• Unit 4. Industrial Inorganic Chemistry II (Chlor-alkali, Ammonia, Sulphuric Acid, Fertilizer and Cement) (20 hrs)
• Unit 5. Industrial Organic Chemistry I (Petroleum, Petrochemicals and Po-lymers) (25 hrs)
• Unit 6. Industrial Organic Chemistry II (Fermentation, Ethanol, Pharmaceu-ticals, Soaps and Detergents) (25 hrs)
African Virtual University
IV. Materials
You will require the following tools and resources for completing the module:
Computer, CD-ROM, and e-library
• To access this module, exams and other relevant material • To access other suggested reference materials
• For interactive discussions/chat sessions Recommended textbooks and reference materials
• To assist learning and further understanding of topics in the module
V. Module Rationale
Industrial chemistry deals with commercial production of chemicals and related products from natural raw materials and their derivatives. It enables humanity to experience the benefits of chemistry when we apply it in the exploitation of materials and energy. When we apply chemistry in the transformation of materials and energy to make useable products, this results in growth and improvement in areas such as food production, health and hygiene, shelter and clothing. The economic growth of industrializedcountriesreliesonthemanufacturingindustryforfinishedproducts.The goalofstudyingindustrialchemistryatuniversityistotryandbridgethegapbetween classical chemistry and chemistry is applied in industry. The chemical industry is highly globalized and produces thousands of chemicals from a wide variety of raw materialsbymeansofvariedtechnologiesforvariedenduses.Itisthereforeimportant to base the study of industrial chemistry on an understanding of the structure of the industry and the unit operations and unit processes that make up the chemical pro-cesses. On the basis of natural raw materials sources and the chemistry involved, we finditeasiertostudyindustrialinorganicandindustrialorganicchemistryseparately, Through the electrolysis of brine, we obtain chlorine and sodium hydroxide both of whichareimportantreactantsinorganicsynthesisofproductssuchaspetrochemicals and detergents respectively. By fixing nitrogen, we obtain ammonia, from which we can make fertilizers. From sulphur, we get sulphuric acid, which we use, in the manufacture of phosphate fertilizers. Mineral ores as well as being raw materials for basic chemicals are the source of pure metals, which we use elsewhere in building and construction, manufacture of equipment, machines and jewellery. Turning now to organic chemical industry, we use petroleum as the source of petrochemicals and syntheticpolymers.Fermentationenablesustoconvertnaturalorganicmaterialsinto chemicals, some like penicillin being pharmaceutical ingredients. From natural oils and fats, we obtain soaps and detergents.
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