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ISSN 2045-256X In their own words: What bothers children online? Sonia Livingstone, Lucyna Kirwil, Cristina Ponte and Elisabeth Staksrud, with the EU Kids Online network Summary Nearly 10,000 children told us about what upsets them and their friends online. Their responses were diverse, revealing a long list of concerns. Pornography (named by 22% of children who told us of risks) and violent content (18%) top children’s online concerns. Overall, boys appear more bothered by violence than girls, while girls are more concerned with contact-related risks. Violence receives less public attention than sexual material, but many children are concerned about violent, aggressive or gory online content. They reveal shock and disgust on seeing cruelty, killings, abuse of animals and even the news – since much is real rather than fictional violence, this adds to the depth of children’s reactions. As children told us, video-sharing websites are often associated with violent and pornographic content, along with a range of other content-related risks. Among the children who linked risks to specific internet platforms, 32% mentioned video-sharing sites such as YouTube, followed by websites (29%), social networking sites (13%) and games (10%). Children’s mention of risks rises markedly from nine to 12 years old. Younger children are more concerned about content and other risks. As they get older they become more concerned about conduct and contact risks. These are linked in many children’s minds to the use of social networking sites such as Facebook. Concern about risks is higher among children from ‘high use, high risk’ countries. Policy implications are identified and discussed. In their own words What worries me is how correct information is on a website. You can also end up on a site where you don´t wanna be. (Girl, 16, Belgium) Violence, child pornography pictures, religious sects, self-harm or suicide sites. (Boy, 15, Greece) To take a photo of me without my knowledge and upload it to an inappropriate website. (Girl, 10, Bulgaria) When strangers message me on the Internet, sex sites that open without me clicking on them. (Boy, 10, Austria) Videos where older teenagers mistreat disabled children and upload the video on YouTube. (Girl, 9, Italy) Some types of pornography, websites containing pictures/film of dead people or animals. Entertainment sites that are racist and other things that are ethically wrong. (Boy, 11, Norway) YouTube. The things that come up straight away as soon as you search for the website. Facebook shows scary things even if you click on something that does not look or sound scary. (Girl, 9, UK) Kids can be distressed when something they have read on the internet and believed to be true turns out to be fake. (Girl, 11, Estonia) Propositions to meet from people whom I do not know, photos of naked people, bullying somebody or scenes showing homicide. (Boy, 12, Poland) Racist messages; sexual messages; some sending horror movies such as Russian Morgue. (Girl, 11, Romania) I don’t like it when people speak nasty to you. (Boy, 10, Slovenia) www.eukidsonline.net February 2013 1 Aims of this report asked before any questions were asked about risk. Thus children gave their unprompted views.7 The EU Kids Online survey found that 55% of 9-16 year olds think that there are things online that bother children their age. Also, 12% of children (and 8% of their parents) say they have been bothered or upset by something online in the past year.1 What might they have had in mind? Adult society (parents, teachers, policy makers and the media) has shaped the policy agenda for understanding online risk and managing internet  9,636 children (38%) of the 25,142 children surveyed identified one or more online risks that they think bothers people their age on the internet.  Response rates varied considerably by country, and this should be kept in mind when interpreting the report’s finding (see Annex for methodological details). safety. Apart from early pan-European qualitative research which asked children to discuss online risk in their own words,2 most research has sought standardised descriptions of risk as measured in Pornographic and violent content tops children’s online concerns survey questionnaires; and most has asked Of the 9,636 9-16 year olds who identified risks, children about risks that worry adults rather than discovering what concerns children themselves.3 Although children are sometimes consulted in policy processes, there are few attempts to explore their perceptions in a systematic or 54% identified one risk, 31% identified two risks, and 15% identified three or more risks. This report focuses on findings for the main or first-mentioned risk, to reflect children’s prioritisation.8 Figure 1 shows these risks coded by type. comparative way. Having reported findings based  Content risks dominate children’s on standardised questions in the 2010 EU Kids Online survey,4 we now present answers in concerns: 58% identified pornographic, violent or other content risks first. children’s own words to the open-ended question included in the survey.5 We aim to discover:  Conduct- or contact-related risks, along with other risks (e.g. viruses), were  What do children think are the worrying risks online, and how do they describe them? mentioned first by 42% of children. Figure 1: What risks did children tell us about?  Are they concerned about risks that have been neglected from the policy agenda?  Do their concerns vary by age, gender, culture or experience? Other risks 10 % Contact-related risks 13 % Pornograpic content 22 % In their own words In an open-ended part of the survey, we asked children, “What things on the internet would bother people about your age?”6 Conduct-related risks 19 % Other contents 17 % Violent content 18 % To maintain confidentiality, each child wrote his or her answer on a piece of paper and put it in a self-sealed envelope so neither interviewer nor parent (if present) could see how the child answered. Also important, the open-ended question was Base: N=9,636 children who identified one or more risks online. Note: First mentioned risks are only included here. Risks are grouped as shown in the Annex. Additionally, the category of pornography includes children’s comments coded as ‘pornography’ and ‘violent pornography;’ the category of violence includes children’s comments coded as ‘aggressive/ violent content’ and ‘gory content’. www.eukidsonline.net February 2013 2  Pornographic content tops the ranking of risks named by children in relation to the internet (22% of risks mentioned first by children). Taking children’s own words seriously suggests that policy attention to the availability of online pornography is well-founded. It is possible, however, that children are aware of adult concerns and media coverage regarding online pornography and that their responses reflect this climate of anxiety.  Violent and aggressive content is the second most common concern identified by children (18% of first mentioned risks). Although traditionally flagged as a concern in relation to television and film and, more recently, video games, less policy attention is paid to violent and aggressive content on the internet.  Many children are concerned about violent or aggressive or gory online content. Their quotes emphasise shock or upset on seeing cruelty, killings, abuse of animals and even the news. The fact that much of the content depicts real rather than fictional violence or aggression seems to add to the depth of children’s reactions.  Overall, children’s rank order of concerns puts content first (58% of all first-mentioned risks in Figure 1), followed by 19% conduct-related risks, 13% contact-related risks and 10% other kinds of risks. This rank ordering reverses that of many parents (who would put contact-related risks at the top of their concerns).  That conduct-related risks come second in children’s ranking of concerns is doubtless because of cyberbullying and sexting linked to the widespread use of personal and networked devices. Porn One time I was looking for a game and rude pictures came on the computer, people without clothes on. (Girl, 9, Ireland) See people having sex or naked people. (Boy, 10, Portugal) I think it is not appropriate for children of my age to see images of naked women, as in online advertisements that pop up when I am not looking for it, such as on the website where I check my email. (Girl, 15, Italy) Sex and ladies in their underwear (string). (Girl, 10, Norway). Ugly pictures, ugly videos that suggest sex really bother me. (Boy, 11, Slovenia) When I surf on a website, there are often pictures of naked women and men on the sites. (Girl, 10, France) When I was ten years old, I played a game on the internet. Suddenly a naked woman appeared. I was very shocked and never wanted to play the game again. Months and years passed and I didn`t play a single game, even if I wanted it, because I was afraid to see something like that again. But now it doesn`t bother me anymore. (Girl, 12, Austria) Pictures that appear on the side of Facebook that exhibit naked females. Conversations that regularly open up on Facebook or MSN. There should be specific sites for these people and not opened to everybody. (Girl, 12, France) Violence Those things that show other people`s suffering or torment as a funny thing. (Boy, 14, Hungary) Showing images of physical violence, torture and suicide images. (Girl, 12, Slovenia) Everything about violence that can be seen on websites is not good for teenagers of my age. By that I mean violence against women and children and perverted humiliations and cruelty against people in general. (Girl, 14, Germany) I logged onto a game website and clicked onto action games and see Alien vs Predator trailer. It was very blood and gory and it disturbed me. (Boy, 10, UK) Smack Down games upset me, people fight too much. (Boy, 11, Turkey) Animal cruelty, adults hitting kids. (Girl, 9, Denmark) Some shocking news like terrorist attacks. (Boy, 12, Finland) www.eukidsonline.net February 2013 3 Children identify diverse risks The most often named risks are pornography and violent content: together these comprise 40% of the risks first mentioned by children. But well over half of children’s concerns focus on other risks and it is notable that children took this chance to describe them. To recognise even rarely mentioned risks, Figure 2 includes all risks mentioned by children (whether listed first, second or third).  Some risks of concern to adults were very rarely mentioned by children. Less than 1% mention some of the risks much in the headlines (e.g. self-harm content or the danger of sharing personal information), though a few are concerned about reputational damage or other violations of privacy.  Also, few mention commercial content, spending too much time online, other people accessing personal data or gambling. Many online risks worry children If one of my friends finds out he has lost a friend on Facebook. (Boy, 10, Denmark) The majority of children my age would be bothered if someone would access their personal information or would edit their words to damage their reputation and their group of friends. (Boy, 13, Romania) The things that bother people about my age are the influence of bad websites such as how to diet or lose weight so you could be known as the pretty one; like vomiting things. (Girl, 15, Ireland) Pop up with things where you have to buy something. Or people who want to cheat on you. (Boy, 10, Denmark) Discrimination (as for clothing, look or personality). Anonymity (when getting anonymous messages one may read anonymous messages on forums). And perhaps the knowledge of the internetization of the world (everything is on the internet). (Girl, 16, Estonia) A child can easily buy things behind his/her parents’ back that they did not permit to buy. (Girl, 14, Poland) When someone sends me a message like “I will kill you” or “I will steal all your money”. (Boy, 12, Austria)  ‘Stranger danger’ is usually mentioned only vaguely (as forms of inappropriate contact), despite the anxiety over this in the media.  Yet since many of their concerns do echo those publicised in the mass media, it may be that the very effort to raise awareness of online risks can worry children. I’m worried about websites for poker, where you can get addicted. (Girl, 16, Belgium) Viruses, they scare me the most. (Boy, 13, Czech Republic) I unknowingly already made a contract on the internet and my mum had to pay almost 100€. And once there came a letter and mum had to go to a lawyer because she could not handle that by herself. (Boy, 12, Germany) In all, it would seem that the very diversity of online risks makes it difficult for them and their parents to deal with. These include situations of social pressure, uncertain norms or even legality, lost trust or invaded privacy. I think there are sites dealing with drugs or sexuality, and about bombs, like for example how to make a Molotov cocktail. (Boy, 16, Hungary) The unwanted political advertisement. (Boy, 16, Czech Republic) Negative statements about my country and introducing Muslims and Turkey in a wrong way bother me. (Boy, 15, Turkey) One can use things on a social network against you, for example when you look for a job. (Girl, 16, Austria) www.eukidsonline.net February 2013 4 Figure 2: What were all the online risks children mentioned? (% of all risks) Pornographic or sexual content 19,6 Violent/aggressive content 15,3 Unwanted content 7,5 Scary content 3,4 Gory content 2,2 Content about drugs 1,9 Commercial content 1,6 Content about self-harm or suicide or anorexia/bulimia 1,5 Violent pornography 0,9 Racist content 0,8 Hateful content 0,4 Content harmful to self-esteem 0,3 The possibility of inappropriate contact in general 5,6 The possiblity of inappropriate sexual contact in general 3,2 People pretending to be someone else 1,8 Actual or attempted inappropriate contact - general 0,9 Face-to-face meetings following online contact 0,5 Actual or attempted inappropriate contact - sexual 0,5 Other people accessing your data/being tracked/cookies 0,3 Ideological or religious or fundamentalist persuasion 0,2 Other means of aggressive conduct 5,1 Bullying (usually repeated aggression) 4,7 Unwelcome conduct in general 3,9 Hacking/misuse of personal information/specific privacy… 2,3 People saying bad things/damage to reputation 1,8 Sharing images or photos 1,2 Sharing personal information 0,7 Sexual harassment or unwelcome `sexting` 0,7 Virus 2,1 Spam 2,0 Pop-ups 1,5 Lack of internet safety in general 0,5 Related to search 0,4 Related to hardware/software 0,3 Spending too much time online 0,3 Gambling 0,2 Rules on safety 0,2 Health related risks 0,1 Illegal downloading 0,1 Base: this figure shows, for each of 40 types of risk coded, the percentage that each represents out of the total of all 15,444 online risks mentioned by children (i.e. it does not show the percentage of children who identified each risk). www.eukidsonline.net February 2013 5 ... - tailieumienphi.vn
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