In Situ Treatment Technology, SECOND EDITION

In Situ Treatment Technology SECOND EDITION Evan K. Nyer Peter L. Palmer Eric P. Carman Gary Boettcher James Bedessem Donald F. Kidd Frank Lenzo Gregory J. Rorech Tom L. Crossman ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller (LOGO) Environmental Science and Engineering Series LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton London New York Washington ©2001 CRC Press LLC Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data In situ treatment technology / Evan K. Nyer ... [et al.].--2nd ed. p. cm.--(Geraghty & Miller environmental science and engineering series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-528-2 (alk. paper) 1. In situ remediation. I. Nyer, Evan K. II. Series. TD192.8 .I5724 2000 628.5—dc21 00-045045 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN1-56670-528-2/00/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-528-2 Library of Congress Card Number 00-045045 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper ©2001 CRC Press LLC Preface Many things have changed, but many things have stayed the same since the first edition of In Situ Treatment Technology was published. One thing that has stayed the same is that this is still the most exciting technical area in the remediation field today. Also, many new important technologies have emerged over the past 5 years, and full-scale installations of existing technologies have broadened our knowledge base. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with a single source that consolidates all of this information on the various in situ technologies. The main technology areas of bioremediation (monitored natural attenuation, MNA), vapor extraction, sparging, vacuum enhanced recovery, fracturing, and reactive walls are discussed in individual chapters. New in situ technologies like in situ reactive zones, and phytoremediation are also discussed in individual chapters. This allows for an in-depth review of the state-of-the-art for each technology including laboratory and pilot plant studies, full-scale design, operation and maintenance, cost analysis, and case histories. We have also added full design sections for the vapor extraction, sparging, and vacuum enhanced recovery chapters. This level of detail will help those new to the field develop the correct design methods for these in situ practices. One chapter has remained for non-in situ design considerations. Many of the in situ technologies use air movement as part of their applications. The air usually must be collected and brought above ground for treatment. Chapter 6 is devoted to discussing above-ground air treatment. The book goes beyond discussing individual in situ technologies. The authors felt that it was very important for the reader to end up with an understanding of the geologic foundation and limitations of each of the technologies. The first chapter begins by explaining the limitations of pump and treat remediation. Designers have progressed to in situ technologies because the pump and treat remediations methods have failed to clean most sites. Chapter 1 provides the technical reasons that the pump and treat systems have had limited success, and how these same reasons may limit the success of in situ technologies. The information in Chapter 1 will also provide the reader with a basis to analyze and predict the possible success of any new in situ methods that are developed in the future. Chapter 2, Lifecycle Design, shows the importance of the entire life of the design when using an individual technology. Examples of good lifecycle designs are spread throughout the individual chapters. The book is next broken into two sections. Based upon the geological limitations discussed in Chapters 1 and 2, in situ technologies are mainly used as either mass removal techniques or to enhance the rate of remediation during the “diffusion limited” portion of the project. The mass removal section includes vapor extraction, sparging, and vacuum enhanced recovery. The diffusion controlled sec-tion includes bioremediation, in situ reactive zones, and phytoremediation. While none of the technologies are limited to mass removal or enhancement, they tend to have their main uses. The rest of the book covers the remaining technologies and the final chapter tries to prepare the reader for the potential problems we may face when remediating sites. ©2001 CRC Press LLC I have tried to maintain the easy style of writing that my books normally enjoy. However, I felt that it was important to provide the reader the details necessary to be able to implement the in situ technologies. This dichotomy is one of the main reasons that I have asked the co-authors to participate in the book. Each of the co-authors work on a daily basis with the technology that he or she wrote about. I reviewed and rewrote each of the chapters, but the co-authors provided the meat. The result is, hopefully, a text that is still easy to read, but provides significant design and operational detail for each technology. The co-authors have their own bylines for the chapters that they wrote so that the reader will know the prime source of the information. Many people have to be thanked beyond the co-authors. First, ARCADIS Ger-aghty & Miller has once again provided support and encouragement. There is no way that anyone can write a book today and put food on the table without the support of his or her employer. ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller has allowed me and the co-authors the time required for the book, and provided the staff support from drafting and secretaries. Second, I have to thank the authors from the first edition who decided not to continue with the second edition. Frank J. Johns II, Suthan Suthersan, and Sami Fam were all an important part of the first edition and their efforts continue to be a basis for the quality of the second edition. There are over 200 tables and figures in the book. Brian Herrmann continued his efforts from the first edition to complete the added figures for this edition. Carla Gerstner once again stepped up to furnish the main secretarial support for the book. Without her patience and cool head I am not sure that I would have finished the book, and several of the co-authors would not have remained on speaking terms with me. In the technical area we have to thank Kurt Beil, Steve Brussee, Edmond Buc, Jeff Burdick, Scott Davis, Heidi Dauer, Jennifer Evans, Bill Golla, Mike Hansen, John Horst, Chip Hughes, Dan Jacobs, Gary Keyes, Jack Kratzmeyer, Chris McHale, Jim Morgan, Greg Page, Scott Potter, Eileen Schumacher, Matt Waslewski, and Amy Weinert. There is no way this book would have been finished without their support. In situ technologies are an important part of being able to clean sites. I hope that the readers will find this book helpful in their applications of these new methodologies. Evan K. Nyer ©2001 CRC Press LLC The Authors Evan K. Nyer is Senior Vice President of ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, Inc. and is responsible for maintaining and expanding the company’s technical expertise in geology/hydrogeology, engineering, modeling, risk assessment, and bioremedia-tion. He has extensive experience as a groundwater treatment engineer and has designed and installed more than 400 groundwater treatment systems including biological, in situ biological, air stripping, activated carbon, inorganic, advanced oxidation, soil venting, sparging systems, vacuum enhanced remediations, and reac-tive zones. In addition to being responsible for technical designs and strategies, he has published and presented numerous works on groundwater treatment and other aspects of waste management and remediation. Mr. Nyer has taught courses on groundwater cleanup and treatment technologies around the world and is the author of four books: Groundwater and Soil Remediation: Practical Methods and Strategies (Ann Arbor Press), Practical Techniques for Groundwater and Soil Remediation (Lewis Publishers), Groundwater Treatment Technology (Van Nostrand Reinhold), and In Situ Treatment Technology (Lewis Publishers). He was also a principal author of Bioremediation (American Academy of Environmental Engineering) and has written the column “Treatment Technology” for Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation since 1987. Peter L. Palmer, a Senior Vice President in charge of the Remediation Services Business Practice for ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller, has 27 years of experience in providing environmental management services. He has written numerous articles on soil and groundwater remediation strategies. He has extensive experience in per-forming projects that have encompassed all aspects of hazardous waste management including the evaluation, design, and construction of remedial measures to abate soil and groundwater contamination at RCRA and CERCLA sites. As both a Professional Engineer and a Professional Geologist, he has a unique perspective in developing remedial measures that cost-effectively integrate source controls and plume reme-diation. He administers ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller’s Innovative Technology Development and Training Program to promote the use of creative, cost-effective approaches for solving remedial challenges. Eric P. Carman,P.G. is a Principal Hydrogeologist and Associate Vice President with ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller. He has more than 15 years of environmental experience and has been a consultant with ARCADIS Geraghty & Miller since 1998. He received his B.S. in Geology from the University of Iowa and M.S. in Hydro-geology from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Mr. Carman specializes in implementing and managing innovative cleanup strat-egies using biotechnologies for industrial and public sector clients. Involved with applications of bioremediation since 1990, he has been working in the field of phytoremediation since 1993. His phytoremediation experience includes projects across the United States, including the first project in Wisconsin to use phytoreme-diation to address petroleum hydrocarbons. He has published several papers on bioremediation and phytoremediation and has given lectures at many universities. ©2001 CRC Press LLC ... - tailieumienphi.vn