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HTML, XHTML & CSS FOR DUMmIES‰ 6th Edition by Ed Tittel and Jeff Noble HTML, XHTML & CSS For Dummies®, 6th Edition Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2008 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permit-ted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. 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Library of Congress Control Number: 2008924086 ISBN: 978-0-470-23847-9 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 About the Authors Ed Tittel is a full-time independent writer, trainer, and consultant who works out of his home near beautiful Austin, Texas. Ed has been writing for the trade press since 1986 and has worked on more than 140 books. In addi- tion to this title, Ed has worked on more than 35 books for Wiley, including Windows Server 2008 For Dummies, XML For Dummies, and Networking with NetWare For Dummies. Ed is a Contributing Editor at Tomshardware.com, writes for half-a-dozen dif-ferent TechTarget.com Web sites, including WhatIs.com, SearchNetworking. com, and SearchWindows.com, and also writes occasionally for other Web sites and magazines. When he’s not busy doing all that work stuff, Ed likes to travel, shoot pool, spend time with his family (especially taking walks with young Gregory), and turn the tables on his Mom, who now makes her home with the rest of the Texas Tittels. You can contact Ed Tittel by e-mail at etittel@yahoo.com. Jeff Noble runs a small Web design and multimedia company called Conquest Media (www.conquestmedia.com) in Austin, Texas. Jeff has been working on, in, and around the Web for nearly 10 years, and he specializes in designing and creating unique, easy to use, functional Web sites. When he’s away from his computer, Jeff is often far from the madding crowd, choosing instead to hike and camp in wild places as far away from a wall socket as he can get. Jeff is available for Web site design, implementation, and consulting work. You can contact him by e-mail at jeff@conquestmedia.com. Authors’ Acknowledgments Now that we’ve made it into the twelfth go-round for HTML For Dummies, we must once again thank our many readers for keeping this book alive. We’d also like to thank them and the Wiley editors for providing the feedback that drives the continuing improvement of this book. Please don’t stop now — tell us what you want to do, and what you like and don’t like about this book. Especially, please tell us what you liked and didn’t like about this, our first full-color edition of our book. Let me also thank the many people who’ve also worked on this book over the years, including James Michael Stewart, Natanya Anderson, Dori Smith, Tom Negrino, Mary Burmeister, Rich Wagner, Brock Kyle, Chelsea Valentine, and Kim Lindros. Of course, for this edition, I’m especially indebted to my co-author and friend, Jeff Noble, for infusing insight and enthusiasm into this book. I am eternally grateful to you for your ideas, your hard work, and your experience in reaching an audience of budding Web experts. Next, I’d like to thank the Wiley team for their efforts on this title. At Wiley, I must thank Bob Woerner and Paul Levesque for their outstanding efforts, and Barry Childs-Helton and Sue Jenkins for their editorial efforts in design, layout, contents, and coverage. A special shout out should go to the friendly folks in Composition Services for their artful page layouts, especially when it came to keeping all the color-coded code straight. I’d like to thank my lovely wife, Dina Kutueva-Tittel, and periodically pugna-cious 4-year-old son, Gregory, for putting up with the usual rhythm of making books happen. I know I’m not always as easy to live with as I should be, but hopefully, I’ll get to keep working on that. Also, I’d like to thank my parents, Al and Ceil, for all the great things they did for me, and for hanging in there well into their ninth decades on this planet. I hope you’re both still around to see the thirteenth edition come to print as well! Finally, profound thanks to you again, Mom, for cultivating and encouraging my love of words, writing, and banter. Ed Tittel First and foremost, I’d like to thank my mom, Sheryl, for always believing in me. I’d like to thank my older brother Chris, even though he once shot me with his BB gun when we were kids. (I’d also like to mention that one year for Christmas he gave me a used Skid Row tape made to look semi-new cov-ered with Saran Wrap. But I’ve moved past that.) Thanks again, bro. To my “adopted” family, The Elizondos, I appreciate everything you have done for me over the years and I promise to never sing Christmas carols in the house. “Shut up Jeff!” I’d certainly like to thank Ed Tittel for giving a semi-literate guy such as myself this opportunity: you’re a good friend, a great writer, and definitely know a thing or two about local Austin eateries. I want to give special thanks to the following friends and colleagues: Slade Deliberto for teaching me how to design Web sites, Matt “Softball” Douglass for convincing me CSS is a lot better than old school HTML tags, Justin Haworth for bailing me out of many confusing Flash scripting problems, Peter “3D Pete” Vogel for his mentoring and assistance creating the Conquest Media logo, Jason “GodLikeMouse” Graves for teaching me almost everything I know about JavaScript, XML and CSS layout, and Russell Wilson for his usability lessons and expert advice. Thanks to the whole gang at Conquest Media, too! 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