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Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Second Edition Edited by Antonio Luque and Steven Hegedus © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-72169-8 Handbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Second Edition Edited by Antonio Luque Instituto de Energ´ıa Solar, Universidad Polite´cnica de Madrid, Spain and Steven Hegedus Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware, USA A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2011  2011, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd First Edition published in 2003 Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. 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This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Handbook of photovoltaic science and engineering / edited by A Luque and S Hegedus. – 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-72169-8 (cloth) 1. Photovoltaic cells–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Photovoltaic power generation–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Luque, A. (Antonio) II. Hegedus, Steven. TK8322.H33 2010 621.31244 – dc22 2010031107 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Print ISBN: 978-0-470-72169-8 ePDF ISBN: 978-0-470-97466-7 oBook ISBN: 978-0-470-97470-4 ePub ISBN: 978-0-470-97612-8 Set in 9/11 Times by Laserwords Private Limited, Chennai, India. Contents About the Editors xxiii List of Contributors xxv Preface to the 2nd Edition xxxi 1 Achievements and Challenges of Solar Electricity from Photovoltaics 1 Steven Hegedus and Antonio Luque 1.1 The Big Picture 1 1.2 What is Photovoltaics? 4 1.2.1 Rating of PV Modules and Generators 6 1.2.2 Collecting Sunlight: Tilt, Orientation, Tracking and Shading 8 1.2.3 PV Module and System Costs and Forecasts 9 1.3 Photovoltaics Today 10 1.3.1 But First, Some PV History 10 1.3.2 The PV Picture Today 11 1.3.3 The Crucial Role of National Policies 13 1.3.4 Grid Parity: The Ultimate Goal for PV 14 1.4 The Great Challenge 17 1.4.1 How Much Land Is Needed? 21 1.4.2 Raw Materials Availability 23 1.4.3 Is Photovoltaics a Clean Green Technology? 23 1.4.4 Energy Payback 24 1.4.5 Reliability 25 1.4.6 Dispatchability: Providing Energy on Demand 25 1.5 Trends in Technology 27 1.5.1 Crystalline Silicon Progress and Challenges 27 1.5.2 Thin Film Progress and Challenges 30 1.5.3 Concentrator Photovoltaics Progress and Challenges 34 1.5.4 Third-Generation Concepts 35 1.6 Conclusions 35 References 36 vi CONTENTS 2 The Role of Policy in PV Industry Growth: Past, Present and Future 39 John Byrne and Lado Kurdgelashvili 2.1 Introduction 39 2.1.1 Changing Climate in the Energy Industry 39 2.1.2 PV Markets 41 2.2 Policy Review of Selected Countries 44 2.2.1 Review of US Policies 44 2.2.2 Europe 51 2.2.3 Asia 54 2.3 Policy Impact on PV Market Development 56 2.4 Future PV Market Growth Scenarios 57 2.4.1 Diffusion Curves 57 2.4.2 Experience Curves 60 2.4.3 PV Diffusion in the US under Different Policy Scenarios 62 2.5 Toward a Sustainable Future 74 References 75 3 The Physics of the Solar Cell 82 Jeffery L. Gray 3.1 Introduction 82 3.2 Fundamental Properties of Semiconductors 84 3.2.1 Crystal Structure 85 3.2.2 Energy Band Structure 85 3.2.3 Conduction-band and Valence-band Densities of State 87 3.2.4 Equilibrium Carrier Concentrations 87 3.2.5 Light Absorption 90 3.2.6 Recombination 94 3.2.7 Carrier Transport 98 3.2.8 Semiconductor Equations 101 3.2.9 Minority-carrier Diffusion Equation 102 3.2.10 pn-junction Diode Electrostatics 103 3.2.11 Summary 106 3.3 Solar Cell Fundamentals 106 3.3.1 Solar Cell Boundary Conditions 107 3.3.2 Generation Rate 108 3.3.3 Solution of the Minority-carrier Diffusion Equation 108 3.3.4 Derivation of the Solar Cell I –V Characteristic 109 3.3.5 Interpreting the Solar Cell I –V Characteristic 111 3.3.6 Properties of Efficient Solar Cells 114 3.3.7 Lifetime and Surface Recombination Effects 116 3.4 Additional Topics 117 3.4.1 Spectral Response 117 3.4.2 Parasitic Resistance Effects 119 3.4.3 Temperature Effects 122 3.4.4 Concentrator Solar Cells 123 3.4.5 High-level Injection 124 3.4.6 p-i-n Solar Cells and Voltage-dependent Collection 125 ... - tailieumienphi.vn
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