Handbook of Nanotechnology P2

Introduction to Nanotechnology References 5 ulus of elasticity, hardness, bending strength, fracture toughness, and fatigue life. Finite element modeling is carried out to study the effects of surface roughness and scratches on stresses in nanostructures. When nano- 1.6 Organization of the Handbook The handbook integrates knowledge from the fabrica-tion, mechanics, materials science, and reliability points of view. Organization of the book is straightforward. The handbook is divided into six parts. This first part introduces the nanotechnology field, including an intro-duction to nanostructures, micro/nanofabrication and, micro/nanodevices. The second part introduces scan-ning probe microscopy. The third part provides an structuresaresmallerthanafundamentalphysicallength scale,conventionaltheorymaynolongerapply,andnew phenomena may emerge. Molecular mechanics is used to simulate the behavior of a nano-object. overview of nanotribology and nanomechanics, which will prepare the reader to understand the tribology and mechanics of industrial applications. The fourth part provides an overview of molecularly thick films for lubrication. The fifth part focuses on industrial appli-cations and microdevice reliability. And the last part focuses on the social and ethical implications of nano-technology. References 1.1 R.P. Feynmann: There’s plenty of room at the bot-tom, Eng. Sci. 23 (1960) 22–36, and www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html (1959) 1.2 I. Amato: Nanotechnology, www.ostp.gov/nstc/ html/iwgn/iwgn.public.brochure/welcome.htm or www.nsf.gov/home/crssprgm/nano/ nsfnnireports.htm (2000) 1.3 Anonymous: National nanotechnology initiative, www.ostp.gov/nstc/html/iwgn.fy01budsuppl/ nni.pdf or www.nsf.gov/home/crssprgm/nano/ nsfnnireports.htm (2000) 1.4 I.Fujimasa:Micromachines:ANewErainMechanical Engineering (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford 1996) 1.5 C.J. Jones, S. Aizawa: The bacterial flagellum and flagellar motor: Structure, assembly, and functions, Adv. Microb. Physiol. 32 (1991) 109–172 1.6 V. Bergeron, D. Quere: Water droplets make an im-pact, Phys. World 14 (May 2001) 27–31 1.7 M. Scherge, S. Gorb: Biological Micro- and Nanotri-bology (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2000) 1.8 B. Bhushan: Tribology Issues and Opportunities in MEMS (Kluwer, Dordrecht 1998) 1.9 G.T.A. Kovacs: Micromachined Transducers Source-book (WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston 1998) 1.10 S.D. Senturia: Microsystem Design (Kluwer, Boston 2001) 1.11 T.R. Hsu: MEMS and Microsystems (McGraw-Hill, Boston 2002) 1.12 M. Madou: Fundamentals of Microfabrication: The Science of Miniaturization, 2nd edn. (CRC, Boca Ra-ton 2002) 1.13 T.A. Core, W.K. Tsang, S.J. Sherman: Fabrication technology for an integrated surface-microma-chined sensor, Solid State Technol. 36 (October 1993) 39–47 1.14 J. Bryzek, K. Peterson, W. McCulley: Microma-chines on the march, IEEE Spectrum (May 1994) 20– 31 1.15 L.J. Hornbeck, W.E. Nelson: Bistable deformable mirror device, OSA Technical Digest 8 (1988) 107–110 1.16 L.J. Hornbeck: A digital light processing(tm) update – Status and future applications (invited), Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Eng. 3634 (1999) 158–170 1.17 B. Bhushan: Tribology and Mechanics of Magnetic Storage Devices, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York 1996) 1.18 H. Hamilton: Contact recording on perpendicular rigid media, J. Mag. Soc. Jpn. 15 (Suppl. S2) (1991) 481–483 1.19 T. Ohwe, Y. Mizoshita, S. Yonoeka: Development of integrated suspension system for a nanoslider with an MR head transducer, IEEE Trans. Magn. 29 (1993) 3924–3926 1.20 D.K. Miu, Y.C. Tai: Silicon micromachined scaled technology, IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 42 (1995) 234–239 1.21 L.S.Fan,H.H.Ottesen,T.C.Reiley,R.W.Wood:Mag-netic recording head positioning at very high track densities using a microactuator-based, two-stage servo system, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 42 (1995) 222–233 1.22 D.A. Horsley, M.B. Cohn, A. Singh, R. Horowitz, A.P. Pisano: Design and fabrication of an angular Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology B. Bhushan • ! Springer 2004 6 Introduction to Nanotechnology microactuator for magnetic diskdrives, J.Microelec-tromech. Syst. 7 (1998) 141–148 1.23 T. Hirano, L.S. Fan, D. Kercher, S. Pattanaik, T.S. Pan: HDD tracking microactuator and its inte-gration issues, Proc. ASME Int. Mech. Eng. Congress, MEMS, New York 2000, ed. by A.P. Lee, J. Simon, F.K. Foster, R.S. Keynton (ASME, New York 2000) 449–452 1.24 L.S.Fan,S.Woodman:Batchfabricationofmechan-icalplatformsforhigh-densitydatastorage,8thInt. Conf. Solid State Sensors and Actuators (Transducers ’95)/Eurosensors IX, Stockholm (June, 1995) 434–437 1.25 P. Gravesen, J. Branebjerg, O.S. Jensen: Microflu-idics – A review, J. Micromech. Microeng. 3 (1993) 168–182 1.26 C.Lai Poh San,E.P.H. Yap (Eds.):Frontiers in Human Genetics (World Scientific, Singapore 2001) 1.27 C.H.Mastrangelo,H.Becker(Eds.): Microfluidicsand BioMEMS, Proc. SPIE 4560 (SPIE, Bellingham 2001) 1.28 H. Becker, L.E. Locascio: Polymer microfluidic de-vices, Talanta 56 (2002) 267–287 1.29 M. Scott: MEMS and MOEMS for national security applications, , Reliability, Testing, and Character-ization of MEMS/MOEMS II, Proc. SPIE 4980 (SPIE, Bellingham 2003) 1.30 K.E. Drexler: Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation (Wiley, New York 1992) 1.31 G. Timp (Ed.): Nanotechnology (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1999) 1.32 E.A. Rietman: Molecular Engineering of Nanosys-tems (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2001) 1.33 H.S. Nalwa (Ed.): Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology (Academic, San Diego 2002) 1.34 W.A. Goddard, D.W. Brenner, S.E. Lyshevski, G.J. Iafrate: Handbook of Nanoscience, En-gineering, and Technology (CRC, Boca Raton 2003) Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology B. Bhushan • ! Springer 2004 7 Nanostruc Part A Nanostructures, Micro/Nanofabrication, and Micro/Nanodevices 2 Nanomaterials Synthesis and Applications: Molecule-Based Devices Françisco M. Raymo, Coral Gables, USA 3 Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes Marc Monthioux, Toulouse, France Philippe Serp, Toulouse, France Emmanuel Flahaut, Toulouse, France Manitra Razafinimanana, Toulouse, France Christophe Laurent, Toulouse, France Alain Peigney, Toulouse, France Wolfgang Bacsa, Toulouse, France Jean-Marc Broto, Toulouse, France 4 Nanowires Mildred S. Dresselhaus, Cambridge, USA Yu-Ming Lin, Cambridge, USA Oded Rabin, Cambridge, USA Marcie R. Black, Cambridge, USA Gene Dresselhaus, Cambridge, USA 5 Introduction to Micro/Nanofabrication Babak Ziaie, Minneapolis, USA Antonio Baldi, Barcelona, Spain Massood Z. Atashbar, Kalamazoo, USA 6 Stamping Techniques for Micro and Nanofabrication: Methods and Applications John A. Rogers, Urbana, USA 7 Materials Aspects of Micro- and Nanoelectromechanical Systems Christian A. Zorman, Cleveland, USA Mehran Mehregany, Cleveland, USA 8 MEMS/NEMS Devices and Applications Darrin J. Young, Cleveland, USA Christian A. Zorman, Cleveland, USA Mehran Mehregany, Cleveland, USA 9 Microfluidics and Their Applications to Lab-on-a-Chip Chong H. Ahn, Cincinnati, USA Jin-Woo Choi, Baton Rouge, USA 10 Therapeutic Nanodevices Stephen C. Lee, Columbus, USA Mark Ruegsegger, Columbus, USA Philip D. Barnes, Columbus, USA Bryan R. Smith, Columbus, USA Mauro Ferrari, Columbus, USA Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology B. Bhushan • ! Springer 2004 8 Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology B. Bhushan • ! Springer 2004 9 2. Nanomaterials Synthesis and Applications: Molecule-Based Devices The constituent components of conventional devices are carved out of larger materials relying on physical methods. This top-down approach to engineered building blocks becomes increasingly challenging as the dimensions of the target structures approach the nanoscale. Nature, on the other hand, relies on chemical strategies to assemble nanoscaled biomolecules. Small molecular building blocks are joined to produce nanostructures with defined geometries and specific functions. It is becoming apparent that nature’s bottom-up approach to functional nanostructures can be mimicked to produce artificial molecules with nanoscaled dimensions and engineered properties. Indeed, examples of artificial nanohelices, nanotubes, and molecular motors are starting to be developed. Some of these fascinating chemical systems have intriguing electrochemical and photochemical properties that can be exploited to manipulate chemical, electrical, and optical signals at the molecular level. This tremendous opportunity has lead to the development of the molecular equivalent of conventional logic gates. Simple logic operations, for example, can be reproduced with collections of molecules operating in solution. Most of these chemical systems, however, rely on bulk addressing to execute combinational and 2.1 Chemical Approaches to Nanostructured Materials.................. 10 2.1.1 From Molecular Building Blocks to Nanostructures......................... 10 2.1.2 Nanoscaled Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids and Proteins............. 10 2.1.3 Chemical Synthesis of Artificial Nanostructures............ 12 2.1.4 From Structural Control to Designed Properties and Functions.............................. 12 2.2 Molecular Switches and Logic Gates ....... 14 2.2.1 From Macroscopic to Molecular Switches................... 15 2.2.2 Digital Processing and Molecular Logic Gates............. 15 2.2.3 Molecular AND, NOT, and OR Gates.. 16 2.2.4 Combinational Logic at the Molecular Level .................. 17 2.2.5 Intermolecular Communication...... 18 2.3 Solid State Devices................................ 22 2.3.1 From Functional Solutions to Electroactive and Photoactive Solids.................. 22 2.3.2 Langmuir–Blodgett Films.............. 23 2.3.3 Self-Assembled Monolayers........... 27 2.3.4 Nanogaps and Nanowires.............. 31 2.4 Conclusions and Outlook ....................... 35 sequential logic operations. It is essential to devise References .................................................. 36 methods to reproduce these useful functions in solid-state configurations and, eventually, with single molecules. These challenging objectives are stimulating the design of clever devices that interface small assemblies of organic molecules with macroscaled and nanoscaled electrodes. These strategies have already produced rudimentary examples of diodes, switches, and transistors based on functional molecular components. The rapid and continuous progress of this exploratory research will, we hope, lead to an entire generation of molecule-based devices that might ultimately find useful applications in a variety of fields, ranging from biomedical research to information technology. Springer Handbook of Nanotechnology B. Bhushan • ! Springer 2004 ... - tailieumienphi.vn