Handbook of micro/nanotribology - Second edition

“Frontmatter” Handbook of Micro/Nanotribology. Ed. Bharat Bhushan Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999 © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Acquiring Editor: Project Editor: Marketing Manager: Cover design: PrePress: Manufacturing: Cindy Carelli Andrea Demby Jane Stark Dawn Boyd Carlos Esser Lisa Spreckelson Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of micro/nanotribology / edited by Bharat Bhushan. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-8402-8 (alk. paper) 1. Tribology--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Bhushan, Bharat, 1949- . TJ1075.H245 1999 621.8¢9--dc21 98-24466 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated.A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 27 Congress Street, Salem, MA 01970 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-8402-8/98/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are only used for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. © 1999 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-8402-8 Library of Congress Card Number 98-24466 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 © 1999 by CRC Press LLC Foreword The invention of the scanning tunneling microscope has led to an explosion of a family that is now called scanning probe microscopes (SPMs). The most popular instrument in this family is the atomic force microscope (AFM). According to some estimates, sales of SPMs in 1993 were about 100 million U.S. dollars (about 2,000 units installed to date) worldwide. The biggest portion of this results from AFM sales, although the first ideas and preliminary results were introduced to the scientific community only a few years ago (1986). The whole field of SPM is not very old (the first operation of STM was in 1981) and still is in a rapidly evolving state. The scientific industrial applications include quality control in the semiconductor industry and related research, molecular biology and chemistry, medical studies, materials science, and the field of information storage systems. Soon after the invention of the AFM it was discovered that part of the information in the images resulted from friction and that the instrument could be used as a tool for tribology. In general, SPMs are now used intensively in this field. Researchers can image single lubricant molecules and their agglom-eration and measure surface topography, adhesion, friction, wear, lubricant film thickness, and mechan-ical properties all on a micrometer to nanometer scale. With the advent of more powerful computers, atomic-scale simulations have been conducted of tribological phenomena. Simulations have been able to predict the observed phenomena. Development of the field of micro/nanotribology has attracted numerous physicists and chemists. This is a field I personally know very little about. I am, however, very excited that SPMs have had such an immense impact on the field of tribology. I congratulate Professor Bharat Bhushan in helping to develop this field of micro/nanotribology. The Handbook of Micro/Nanotribology is very timely and I expect that it will be well received by the interna-tional scientific community. With best wishes. Prof. Dr. Gerd Binnig IBM Research Division Munich, Germany Nobel Laureate Physics, 1986 © 1999 by CRC Press LLC ... - tailieumienphi.vn