Xem mẫu
- Noi OAU
Trong hai thap kf) qua, Cong nghe thong tin vet Thtrang mgi dien tti &Jr
xeon nhap vao moi g6c cgnh czsa den sang xel h6i not chung va cica doanh
nghiep not rieng. Doi v6i doanh nghiep, Thumg mgi dien ter gip phcin hinh
thanh flitting mo hinh kinh doanh mot giam chi phi, ncing cao hieu qua kinh
doanh. floi voi ngu-61 tieu dung, Thirang mgi dien ter giecp mua sam thuan
tien cac hang hoa va dich vy tren cac thi truing moi nai tren thi gioi.
Gicio trinh "Thirang mgi dien a can ban" la mOt trong nhang gicio
trinh cow mon hoc nghiep vy thu6c not dung chwang trinh dao tgo Chuyen
nganh Thtrang mgi dien ter va mot so chuyen nganh khcic cua truing Dgi
hoc Ngogi thwang.
N6i dung cica glow trinh "Thitang mgi dien ter can ban" bao gem 6 vein
d'd ion: Tang quan ve Thwang mgi dien ter, Giao dich dien ter Marketing
dien ter, Rui ro va phOng tranh red ro trong Thwang mgi dien ter Ong dung
Thtrang mgi dien to trong doanh nghiep va Ludt Giao dich dien ter.
Gicio trinh chivy viit nhcim phyc vy cho viec hoc tap vet nghien cti.0 ctia
sinh vien truing Dgi hoc Ngogi thtrang. Ngogi ra, gicio trinh nay con co thi
dtrac dung lam tai lieu tham khao cho sinh vien cac truing dgi hoc, cao
dling tren ca nu* va cac can b6 lam cong tac quan ly, kinh doanh va
thwang mgi dien to
3
- MUC Luc
Trang
LCJI NOI DAU 3
DANH MUC cAc VIET TAT 11
DANH MUC FINN 14
DANH MUC BANG BIU 15
CHUCING 1. TONG QUAN VE THUMG MAI Do TU 16
1.1. Khai niem chung ye Thong mai dien ter 16
1.1.1. Su ra ddi va phat then cua Internet 16
1.1.2. Khai niem thirong mai dien ter 17
1.1.3. Cac phuang tien thuc hien thong mai dien ter 22
1.1.4. He th6ng cac hoat Ong co bin trong thong mai dien to 24
1.1.5. Qua trinh phat then thong mai dien ter 25
1.1.6. Cac Van de chitin loc trong thong mai dien tit 26
1.2. Dec diem, phan loai thong mai dien ter 28
1.2.1. Dec diem cua thong mai dien ter 28
1.2.2. Phan Ioai thong mai dien ter 29
1.3. Lai Ich va han ch6 cua thong mai dien to 31
1.3.1.14 ich cua thong mai dien ter 31
1.3.2. Han the cua thirang mai dien ter 34
1.4. Anh twang cua thucrng mai dien ter 35
1.4.1. -lac dOng den hoat Ong Marketing 35
1.4.2. Thay d6i mO hinh kinh doanh 36
1.4.3. -lac dOng den hoat dOng san xual 37
1.4.4. -lac citing den hoat Ong tai chinh, Ica toan 38
1.4.5. Tac Ong den hoat Ong ngoai thirang 38
1.4.6. Tac Ong cua Thuctng mai dien ter den cac nganh nghe 39
4
- 1.5. Ca sa vat chat, ky thuat va phap I9 de phat then TMDT 44
1.5.1. Xay dung ca sa phap I9 va chinh sach (vi mO) 44
1.5.2. Phat then ha tang ding nghe thOng tin va truyen thOng 47
1.5.3. Xay dung ha tang kien thuc - chinh sach ye dao tao nhan luc 48
1.5.4. Xay dung he th6ng bao mat trong thuang mai dien tir 49
1.5.5. Xay dung he th6ng thanh toan dien to 50
1.5.6. Xay dung chin Vac va mO hinh kinh doanh 50
1.5.7. Xay dung nguOn nhan luc cho thucing mai dien tir 51
CHIJONG 2. GIAO DICH DIEN TCI 53
2.1. Hap d6ng dien ter 53
2.1.1. Khai niem, dac diem hap d6ng then tir 53
2.1.2. K9 kel hap thing dien tir 59
2.1.3. Quy trinh thuc hien hap Tong dien ter 67
2.1.4. So sanh hap ding dien ter veil hap dong truyen th6ng 71
2.1.5. Dieu kien hieu luc cela kip dong dien to 74
2.1.6. MOt s6 diem can km 9 khi sir dung kip (long dien tir 75
2.2. Thanh toan dien ter 78
2.2.1. TOng quan ye thanh toan dien tir 78
2. 2.2. MOt s6 hinh fink thanh toan dien ter phO ben 86
2.2.3. Phan tich mot s6 tinh hu6ng thanh toan dien ter 92
2.3. Chtl k9 s6 va dich vu chi:mg thuc chit ky s6 98
2.3.1. TOng quan ve chit k9 dien ter va chic ky s6 98
2.3.2. Chang thuc chit kjr then ter va dich vu chUng thuc chit kjr dien tir 112
2.3.3. Dieu kien a dam bao cho sit phat then dich vu chang thuc CKDT 131
CHUCING 3. MARKETING Do TCI 143
3.1. TOng quan ye marketing dien tir 143
3.1.1. Cac khai niem ca ban ye E-marketing 143
3.1.2. Cac hinh fink phat trien cc ban dm marketing dien ter 144
5
- 3.1.3. Liu diem ciia marketing din tit so vai marketing truyen th6ng 146
3.1.4. Tac Ong coa thuang mai dian to Mr' hoat Ong marketing 147
3.1.5. MOt s6 di& kin can de ap dung marketing dian tit thanh °Ong 148
3.2. Cfng dung marketing din tit tong doanh nghiep 149
3.2.1. Nghien citu thi twang qua mang 149
3.2.2. Phan tich hanh vi mua s5m ciia khach hang qua mang 151
3.2.3. Phan doan thi twang trong marketing din tit 152
3.2.4. Cac chitin lilac marketing dien tit h6n hap (E-marketing mix) 155
3.3. ring dung marketing dian tit tong hoat Ong xuat nhap khgu 161
3.3.1. Khai thac he th6ng cac Trade Points ten Internet de gang cao 161
3.3.2. Khai thac cac san giao dich thong mai din to B2B 163
3.3.3. Tim hieu thOng tin thi twang qua Sc giao dich hang hoa
ten Internet 163
3.3.4. Tim kiam thi truang va d6i tac ten Internet 164
3.3.5. He th6ng thOng tin xiic tin thuang mai ten Internet 166
3.3.6. Cac website thOng tin xilc tin thuang mai din hinh 167
3.3.7. WA s6 van de can km y khi ang dung marketing din tit 168
3.3.8. Nhitrig km y khi van dung marketing din to tong xuat nhap khgu 169
3.4. Phan tich bai tap tinh hu6ng 172
CHLIONG IV. ROI RO VA PHONG TRANH ROI RO TRONG
THIJONG MAI DIN TO 175
4.1. TOng quan ye an toan va phong tranh riii ro trong thuang mai din tit 175
4.1.1. Vai to dm an toan va phOng tranh riii ro tmng thuang mai
dien tit 175
4.1.2. ROI ro trong thuang mai dian tit tai Viet Nam 176
4.1.3. Vai to cila chinh sach va quy trinh bao dam an toan d6i vai TMST 177
4.2. Riii ro chinh trong thong mai din tit 177
4.2.1. MOt s6 rig ro doanh nghiap co the gap phai trong thong mai
dian tit 177
4.2.2. WO s6 clang tan cong vac) cac website thong mai din tit 178
6
- 4.3. Xay dung Id hoach an ninh cho thong mai dien to 181
4.3.1. NhCing bien phap ca ban dam bao an toan cho giao dich TMDT 182
4.3.2. C5c ben ph5p co ban nh5m dam bio an toan cho he th6ng TMDT 186
4.3.3. MOt s6 bien phap khac nhArn dam bao an toan cho he th6ng TMDT 188
4.4. Phan tich bai tap tinh hu6ng 189
4.4.1. D6i ph6 v6i cac vu tan cong vao website thong mai dien to 189
4.4.2. Phong chong lua dao qua mang (phishing) 190
4.4.3. GA ph5p Om rui ro trong thong mai dien ter cua iPremier 192
CHUONG V. tING DUNG THUONG MAI DIEN TCI
TRONG DOANH NGHlelp 197
5.1. Xay dung he their-1g thong mai dien ter trong doanh nghiep 197
5.1.1. Luu trir wesbite thong mai dien to 198
5.1.2. Ph5n mem giai ph5p thong mai dien to cho doanh nghiep 211
5.1.3. MOt s6 giai phap thong mai dien to cho doanh nghiep lan 221
5.2. Trien khai du an thong mai dien to trong doanh nghiep 227
5.2.1. Cac phong phap trien khai du an thong mai dien to trong
doanh nghiep 227
5.2.2. Quy trinh xay dung ph5n mem Cmg dung thucmg mai dien to 227
5.2.3. Quy trinh mua va trien khai phan mem thong mai dien to 244
5.2.4. Ky nang quan Iy du an thucmg mai dien to trong doanh nghiep 250
5.3. lIng dung cOng nghe th6ng tin vao quan tri quan he kh5ch hang 252
5.3.1. T6ng quan ye CRM 252
5.3.2. Cac chirc Wang ca ban cua CRM 261
5.3.3. Quy trinh trien khai CRM trong doanh nghiep 262
5.3.4. Lua chop giai ph5p CRM phis hap voi doanh nghiep 263
5.3.5. Kinh nghiem erng dung CRM trong doanh nghiep 268
7
- 5.4. Dig dung cong ngh6 thong tin veo pan tri chu6i cung (mg
caa doanh nghi6p 274
5.4.1. T6ng quan ye Quin tri Chu6i cung (mg (SCM - Supply Chain
Management) 274
5.4.2. Cac lui Ich cela SCM 280
5.4.3. Cac chirc nang chO y6u cua he thong SCM 281
5.4.4. Phan tich cac bai hoc ye (mg dung SCM thanh cong 283
5.4.5. Cac phan mem ang dung trong quin l chu6i cung (mg 285
5.4.6. *rich hcrp chuoi cung (mg va quail tri nguOn luc doanh nghi6p 291
5.4.7. Phan tich bai tap tinh huting 292
5.5. (Ing dung cong nghe th6ng tin vao quan tri nguOn luc doanh nghrep 294
5.5.1. Tang quan ye ERP 294
5.5.2. Trier) khai du an ERP 295
5.5.3. Lila chon giai phap ERP ph0 hap vOi doanh nghi6p 306
5.5.4. Bai hoc kinh nghi'6m ye (mg dung ERP thanh cong 314
5.5.5. Cai dat va Set dung phen mem ERP 317
5.6. Xay dung k6 hoach kinh doanh din ter 323
5.6.1. -Icing quan ye k6 hoach kinh doanh di6n to 323
5.6.2. C6u trim Ice hoach kinh doanh di6n ter 326
5.6.3. MO to Chung ye hoat thing kinh doanh: Sir mang, tam nhin,
muc tieu 333
5.6.4. MO hinh kinh doanh 342
5.6.5. Phan tich thi trudng 348
5.6.6. Phan tich canh tranh 353
5.6.7. T6 chit thuc hiOn 358
5.6.8. Phan tich hi6u qua tai chinh 363
5.6.9. Trinh bay kg hoach kinh doanh din ter mot cach hi6u qua 366
8
- 5.7. Xay dung quan ly website thuang mai dien to va ban hang truc tuyen 368
5.7.1 Cac cong nghe xay dung website thuang mai dien tir 368
5.7.2. May chi) web, He quan tri ca set di? lieu, NgOn ngir lap trinh web 368
5.7.3. Cai dat va quan 19 website thucrng mai dien tir 372
5.7.4. Cai dat va quan 19 cira hang truc tuy6n 380
5.7.5. Nang cap va phat trien website thuang mai dien tit 382
5.7.6. Thuc hanh sir dung hap Tong dien tir va thanh toan dien tir B2C 382
5.8. Phan tich bai tap tinh hu6ng 382
5.8.1. Case 1. Land's End Tau to vao Thuang mai dien tit 382
5.8.2. Case 2. Sear va viec ang dung thuang mai dien tit 384
Bai thuc hanh: cai dat va sir dung mot s6 phan mem CRM 386
CHUCING VI. LUAT DIEU CHINH THUCING MAI 010 ICI 395
6.1. Khai quat khung phap19 ye thong mai dien tir ten the giai 395
6.1.1. Luat mAu ye thong mai dien tir cira UNCITRAL 395
6.1.2. Luat mAu ye chit k9 dien tit cira UNCITRAL 396
6.1.3. COng uac ciia Lien hdp qu6c ye sir dung chang tir dien tir trong
hap Tong thuang mai qu6c t6 397
6.2. Khung phap19 ye thong mai dien tir cua mot s6 nuac va khu vuc 397
6.2.1. Khung phap Ijr ye thong mai dien tir cua Hoa Ky 397
6.2.2. Khung phap Ijr ye thuang mai dien tir dm Singapore 400
6.2.3. Khung phap 19 ye thuang mai then tir cira Canada 402
6.2.4. Khung phap 19 ye thong mai then tit dm EU 403
6.2.5. Khung phap 19 ye thuang mai dien tir cua APEC 404
6.2.6. Khung phap19 ye thong mai dien tir cila ASEAN 405
6.3. Nhiing tap quan quoc to lien quan den thuang mai dien tir 406
6.3.1. Incoterms 2010 406
6.3.2. eUCP 406
9
- 6.4. Khung phap 19 ye thuang mai dien ter cua Viet Nam 407
6.4.1. Luat ding nghe thOng tin 407
6.4.2. Luat giao dich dien ter 407
6.4.3. Nghl dinh s6 57/2006/ND-CP ye thong mai dien tit 408
6.4.4. Nghl dinh s6 26/2007/ND-CP ye chit q s6
va dich vu chi:mg thuc chi: 4 s6 410
6.4.5. Nghi dinh s6 27/2007/ND-CP ye giao dich dien tir
trong hoat Ong tai chinh 412
6.4.6. Nghi dinh s6 3512007/NB-CP ye giao dich dien to trong hoat
Ong ngan hang 414
Phu lyc 1: Cac mO hinh thong mai dien tiithanh ding tran the gidi 415
GENERAL MOTOR: Sang kien thong mai dien tit B2B 452
Phu lyc 2: Quy trinh ky ket va thuc hien hap dung dien ter bang email 455
Phu Ric 3: Luat mAu cila UNCITRAL ye thong mai dien ter
(Model Law on Electronic Commerce) 475
Phyc lyc 3: UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures 486
Phu luc 4: United Nations Convention on the Use of Electronic
Communications in International Contracts 493
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 505
10
- DANH MIX CAC TO VIET TAT
Danh muc tir viet tat tieng Anh
Chir viet tat Titng Anh Titng Vitt
ADOC APEC Digital Opportunity Trung tam Ca hOi s6 dm
Center APEC
AFACT Asia-Pacific Council for WO d6ng Kinh doanh din tir
Trade Facilitation and va Thu'an lgi hOa thucmg mai
Electronic Business
APEC Asia-Pacific Economics Digit dan hop tac kink to
Cooperation chau A Thai Binh Duang
-
ATM Automated Teller Machine May rut tin to dOng
B2B Business To Business Thtrang mai din tir gifta DN
(electronic commerce) va DN
B2Bi Business To Business Tich hop N th6ng thucmg
Integration mai din tir B2B
B2C Business To Consumer Thuang mai din tir gift
(electronic consumer) doanh nghi'e'p va Ca nhan
C2C Consumer To Consumer Thucmg mai din tir gift ca
(electronic commerce) nhan va ca than
CA Cetification Authority Ca quan chirng thuc CKDT
CISG Convention on International C8ng trac Vial nam 1980 ve
Sales of Goods mua ban hang hoa QT
CRM Customer Relationship Quan tri quan N lc.hach hang
Management
eCoSys Electronic Certificate of HO th6ng khai bao C/O din
Origin System tir
11
- .A
Chu. viet tat Tieng Anh Titng VW
EDI Electronic Data Interchange Trao d6i dir lieu dien tir
ERP Enterprise Resource Planning Ke hoach nguon luc doanh
nghiep
E-SIGN Electronic Signature on LuSt CKDT trong thuong
Global and National mai qu8c gia va quoc to dm
Commerce Hoa KS/
EU European Union Lien minh chat' Au
IDC International Data Cong ty dit lieu qu6c to
Corporation
ITC Information and Cong nghe thong tin va
Communication Technology truyen thong
OECD Organization for Economic To chirc phat trien hop tac
Cooperation and kinh to
Development
Root CA Root Certification Authority Ca quan chimg thuc chit 14
dien tir g6c
SCM Supply Chain Management Quan 15, chuOi cung img
UCC Uniformed Commercial LuSt thuang mai th6ng nhSt
Code dm Hoa KS,
UETA Uniformed Electronic LuSt giao dich dien tir th6ng
Transaction Act nhAt dm Hoa KS,
UN/ United Nations Centre for Uy ban dm LHQ ve Thuan
CEFACT Trade Facilitation and loi Ma TM va kinh doanh
Electronic Business dien tir
UNCITRAL United Nations Conference Uy ban dm Lien hop qu6c ve
for International Trade Law Lust thucmg mai qu6c to
UNCTAD United Nations Conference Uy ban ciia Lien hop qu6c ve
for Trade and Development Thuang mai va phat trien
12
- Chir viet tat Tieng Anh Tieng Vi§t
UNeDocs United Nations electronic He tilting xfr V/ chimg tir dien
Trade Documents tir' trong TM qut)c to dm LHQ
UPS United Parcel Service COng ty dich vu chuyen phat
nhanh United Parcel Service
WIPO World Intellectual Property Tit') chirc so hill' tri tue the gieri
Organization
R&D Research & Development Nghien cfru va phat tritn
CMS Content Managemetn System He quan tri nili dung
Xampp X-cross platform, A-Apache, Goi ph'an mem may chil web
M-MySQL, P-Php, P-Perl va co so. dir lieu
Danh muc tir viet tat tgng ViOt
Chi? viet tat Titng Vi0
CKDT Chit IcS7 dien tir
CTDT Chimg thuc dien tir
HOOT Hop d'ong dien tir
HDDTQT Hop d6ng dien tir queic t6
LHQ Lien hop quiic
TMDT Thucmg mai dien tir
CNTT Cong nghe thong tin
CNTT&TT COng nghe thong tin va truyen thong
13
- DANH MIX HINH
Hinh 1.1. fing dung Thucmg mai dien tit trong cac giai loan ciia
chu61 gia tri
Hinh 1.2. Sa de phat trier' kinh doanh dien tit
Hinh 1.3. Cac btrac trien khai thuang mai dien tit
Hinh 1.4. Mo hinh Nganh am nhac va giai tri truc tuyen
Hinh 1.5. MO hinh ciao tao truc tuyen
Hinh 1.6. Mo hinh kinh doanh bao hiem khi chua c6 Internet
Hinh 2.1. Quy trinh giao nhan dien tir thong qua Bolero.net
Hinh 2.2. Quy trinh thanh toan dien tir bang the tin dung qua
mang Internet
Hinh 2.3. Minh hoa not dung cila chirng chi se;
Hinh 2.4. Minh hoa quy trinh tao tao chi:mg thu dien tir
Hinh 2.5. Minh hoa quy trinh ky se va xac thuc chir kY se
Hinh 2.6. Thiet bi tao cha 147 dien tit va nhan dang chit 14, dien tir
Hinh 4.1. Phucmg phap ma hod khod rieng
Hinh 4.2. Phuang phap ma hoa khod cong cong
Hinh 5.1. Cac thanh phan cua HTTT
Hinh 5.2. He thong can bang tai cho cac may chii web
Hinh 5.3. He thong can bang tai cho cac may chi' web
Hinh 5.4. Phucmg phap SDLC
Hinh 5.5. Chien lugc van hanh song song
Hinh 5.6. Chien lugc van hanh thi diem he thong mai
Hinh 5.7. Chien lugc bac thang
Hinh 5.8. Chien lugc thay the town b6
Hinh 5.9. Cac buac trien khai
14
- Hinh 5.10. Cac buac trien khai theo phirong phap phat trien img
dung nhanh
Hinh 5.11. M6 hinh quan he khach hang
Hinh 5.12. Minh hoa chu61 cung img
Hinh 5.13. M6 hinh quan he tong the Oita ERP, CRM va SCM
Hinh 5.14. Phan mem ERP Openbravo
Hinh 5.15. Phan mem Compiere Professional
Hinh 5.16. Phan mem Opentaps
Hinh 5.17. Phan mem xTuple
Hinh 5.18. Phan mem Sugar CRM
DANH BANG Bib
Bang 2.1. TS, le sir dung cac hinh thi.rc thanh town tai 123!Mua
Bang 4.1. So sanh phuong phap ma hoa khoa rieng va ma hod
*hod cong cong
Bang 5.1. Danh sach cac nha cung cap dich vu Internet lem tai
Viet nam
Bang 5.2. Chi phi danh cho xay dung he th6ng
Bang 5.3. So sanh chi phi giira phucmg phap to xay dkmg he
thong
Bang 5.4. Cac hot dOng trien khai he th6ng ERP
Bang 5.5. Muoi van de km nhat trong trien khai du an ERP
Bang 5.6. Cac giao dien ERP quan trong nhat
Bang 5.7. Quy trinh trien khai he th6ng ERP
15
- Churang 1
TONG QUAN VE THUONG MAI DIN TcJ
1.1. Khai ni?nt chung ye Thucrng mai dign tir
1.1.1. Scr ra va ph& tran caa Internet
Internet la mang lien ket cac mpg may tinh vori nhau. Mac dir mai
thuc su ph6 bien tir nhang nam 1990, Internet da co lich sir hinh thanh tir
kha lau:
1962: J.C.R. Licklider dua ray tuang ket n6i cac may tinh vai nhau,
tuang lien ket cac mang thOng tin vai nhau da co tir khoang nam 1945 khi
kha nang hily diet dm born nguyen tir de doa x6a so nhilng trung tam lien
lac quan su, viec lien ket cac trung tam vai nhau theo mo hinh lien mang se
giam kha nang mat lien lac town be cac mang khi met trung tam bi tan ding.
1965: Mang giri cac dit lieu da dugc chia nho thanh tong goi (packet),
di theo cac tuyen clueing khac nhau va ket hap lai tai diem den (Donald
Dovies); Lawrence G. Roberts da ket ricii met may tinh a Massachussetts. -
vai met may tinh khac a California qua duorng day dien thoai.
1967: Lawrence G. Roberts tiep tuc de xuat y tuang mang ARPANet
(Advanced Research Project Agency Network) tai met hei nghj a Michigan;
Cong nghe chuyen g6i tin (packet switching technology) dem lai lgi ich to
lorn khi nhieu may tinh co the chia se thong tin vai nhau; Phat trien mang
may tinh thir nghiem cua Be qu6c phong my theo y tuang ARPANet.
1969: Mang nay dugc dua vao hoat deng va la tien than dm Internet;
Internet - lien mang bat dAu xuat hien khi nhieu mang may tinh dugc ket n6i
vai nhau.
1972: Thu dien tir bat dAu dugc sir dung (Ray Tomlinson).
1973: ARPANet lAn dAu tien dugc ket n6i ra nu& ngoai, tai tnrang dai
hoc London.
1984: Giao thirc chuyen g6i tin TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol
va Internet Protocol) tra thanh giao thirc chuAn dm Internet; he thiing cac
16
- ten mien DNS (Domain Name System) ra dai de phan biet cac may chil;
duac chia thanh sau loci chinh bao g6m .edu (education) cho linh vuc gido
duc, .gov (government) thuac chinh phit, .mil (miltary) cho linh vuc quan
su, .com (commercial) cho linh vuc thuong mai, .org (organization) cho cac
t6 chirc, .net (network resources) cho cac mang.
1990: ARPANET ngirng hog dOng, Internet chuyen sang giai doan
moi ngtrai deu c6 the sir dung, cac doanh nghiep bat dAu sir dung
Internet vao muc dich thuang mai.
1991: Ngon ngir danh dAu sieu van ban HTML (HyperText Markup
Language) ra ding vai giao thirc truyen sieu van ban HTTP (HyperText
Transfer Protocol), Internet da thuc su tra thanh cong cu dac luc vai hang
log cac dich vu mai. World Wide Web (WWW) ra diri, dem lai cho nguai
dimg kha nang tham chieu tir mOt van ban den nhieu van ban khac, chuyen
tir co sa dir lieu nay sang ca sa dit lieu khac vai hinh thirc hAp dAn va not
dung phong phu. WWW chinh la he th6ng cac thong diep dit lieu duac tao
ra, truyen tai, truy cap, chia se... thong qua Internet. Internet va Web la cong
cu quan trong nhat cua TMDT, gitip cho TMDT phat trien va hog dang hieu
qua. Mang Internet duac sir dung rang rai tir nam 1994, Cong ty Netscape
tung ra cac phAn mem img dung de khai thac thong tin teen Internet vao
than 5 nam 1995. C6ng ty IBM giai thieu cac mo hinh kinh doanh dien tir
nam 1997... Dich vu Internet bat au duoc cung cap tai Viet Nam chinh thirc
tir nam 1997 ma ra co.h6i hinh thanh va phat then thuang mai dien qr. Nam
2003, thuong mai dien tir bat dAu ducyc giang day a mOt s6 tnrang dai hoc
tai Viet Nam. Nam 2006, Lust Giao dich dien tir chinh thirc c6 hieu luc tai
Viet Nam tao ca sa phap ly cho hog &Ong thuong mai dien tir phat trien.
1.1.2. Khai niem thwang mai dien tir
Thuong mai dien tir duac biet den vai nhieu ten g9i khac nhau, nhu
"thuang mai dien tir" (Electronic commerce), "thuong mai Ulm tuyen"
(online trade), "thuang mai khong giay to" (paperless commerce) hoc
"kinh doanh dien tir" (e-business). Tuy nhien, "thuong mai dien tir" van la
ten goi ph6 bien nhat va duac diing th6ng nhAt trong cac van ban hay cong
trinh nghien ciru cua cac to chirc hay cac nha nghien ciru. Thucmg mai dien
tir bat &Au bang viec mua ban hang h6a va dich vu thong qua cac phuang tien
dien tir va mang vin th6ng, cac doanh nghiep tin tai irng dung cong nghe
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- thong tin vao moi hoat dOng ciza minh, tir ban hang, marketing, thanh toan
dan mua sam, sari xudt, ddo tao, ph6i hap hoat dOng vai nha cung cap, d6i tac,
Ichach khi do thucmg mai dien tir phat trian thanh kinh doanh dien tir,
va doanh nghiep img dung thucmg mai dien tir a mirc cao dugc goi la doanh
nghiep dien tir. Nhu vay, co the hiau kinh doanh dien tir la mo hinh phat trian
cua doanh nghiep khi tham gia thuang mai dien tir b mitt dO cao va img dung
ding nghe thong tin chuyen sau trong moi hoat &Ong cua doanh nghiep.
* Khdi nrem TMDT theo nghia hep
Theo nghia hep, thuang mai dien tir la viec mua ban hang hod va dich
vu thong qua cac phuang tien dien tir va mang vi6n thong, dac biet 14 may
tinh va Internet.
Cach hiau nay twang to vm mOt s6 cac quan diem nhu:
- TMDT la cac giao dich thuang mai va hang hod va dich vu dugc thuc
hien thong qua cac phuang tien dien tir (Dien dan d6i thoai xuyen Dai Tay
Duang, 1997).
- TMDT la viec thuc hien cac giao dich kinh doanh co clan ten viec
chuyan giao gia tri th8ng qua cac mang vi"en thong (EITO, 1997).
- TMDT la viec hoan thanh bat kStmOt giao dich nao thong qua mOt
mang may tinh lam trung gian ma bao gomviec chuyan giao quyan sa hint
hay quyan sir dung hang hod va dich vu (Cue th6ng ke Hoa KSI, 2000)
Nhu vay, theo nghia hep, thuang mai dien tir bat Mu bang viec cac
doanh nghiep sir dung cac phuang tien dien tir va mang Internet de mua ban
hang hoa va dich cac giao dich co the gifra doanh nghiep vai doanh
nghiep (B2B) hoac gitla doanh nghiep yeti lchach hang ca nhan (B2C), hoac
giira cac cd nhan vari nhau (C2C).
* Kit& 'item TMDT theo nghia rang
Da c6 nhiau to chirc qu6c to dtra ra khai niem theo nghia rOng ve
thuang mai dien tir, dien hinh gam CO
- Lien minh Chau Au (EU): TMDT bao gom cac giao dich thucmg
mai thong qua cac mang vien thong va sir dung cac phuang tien dien tir. N6
bao gam TMDT gian tier) (trao doi hang hod huu hinh) va TMDT truc tiep
(trao dai hang hod v8 hinh).
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- - TO chirc Hap tac va Phat trien kinh to (OECD): TMDT gem cac
giao dich thucmg mai lien quan den cac to chirc va ca nhan dua ten viec xir
ly va truyen di cac da lieu da dugc se hod thong qua cac mpg ma (nhu
Internet) hoac cac mang dOng c6 ceng thong vai mpg ma (nhu AOL).
- Thuang mai dien tit cang dugc hieu la hog Ong kinh doanh dien tit,
bao gem: mua ban hang hod, dich vu, giao hang tivc tiep trail mang vai cdc
not dung se hod; chuyen tien dien tit - EFT (electronic fund transfer); mua
ban co phieu dien tit - EST (electronic share trading); van don dien tit - E
B/L (electronic bill of lading); dAu gia thuang mai - (Commercial auction);
hop tac thiet ke va san xuAt; tim kiem cac nguen Luc true tuy'en; mua sam
true tilyen - Online procurement; marketing truc tiep, dich vu khach hang
true tuyen...
- Uy ban cila Lien hap qutic ve Thtrcmg mai va phat trien -
UNCTAD:
* Tren gee de doanh nghiep "TMDT la viec thuc hien met phAn hay
toan be hoat Ong kinh doanh bao gem marketing, ban hang, phan phi va
thanh toan thong qua cac phuong tien dien tir".
Khai niem nay da de cap den toan be hoat &Ong kinh doanh, chit khong
chi giai han 6 rieng mua va ban, va toan bo cac hog &Ong kinh doanh nay
dugc thuc hien thong qua cac phucmg tien dien
Khai niem nay dugc viet tat bai ben chit MSDP, trong do:
M - Marketing (co trang web, hoac xuc tien thuang mai qua Internet)
S - Sales (c6 trang web c6 ho tra chirc n'ang giao dich, kS, ket hop deng)
D - Distribution (Phan phi san phAm so h6a qua mpg)
P - Payment (Thanh toan qua mang hoac thOng qua ben trung gian nhu
ngan hang)
Nhu vay, dOi vai doanh nghi'ep, khi stir dung cac phucmg tien dien tit va
mang vao trong cac hog dOng kinh doanh co ban nhu marketing, ban hang,
phan phoi, thanh toan thi dugc coi la tham gia thucmg mai dien tfr.
*Oi gee dO quail ly nha nu6c, thuang mai dien tit bao gem cac finh vuc:
I - Ca se ha tang cho sit phat trien TMDT (Infrastructure)
M - Thong diep dit lieu (Data Message)
B - Cac quy tic co ban (Basic Rules)
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- S - Cac quy tic rieng trong tang Firth vac (Specific Rules)
A - Cac img dung (Applications)
MO hinh IMBSA nay de cap den cac linh vac can xay dung de phat
trien TMDT nhu sau:
+ I (Infrastructure): Ca so ha tang COng nghe thong tin va truyen
thong. MCA vi du dien hinh la dich vu Internet bang thong rang ADSL va
cap quang. Suy cho cling, neu khong pho cap dich vu Internet thi khong the
pilaf trien thuang mai dien tir duac. Chinh vi vay, UNCTAD dua ra linh vac
dau tien can phat trien chinh la Ca sa ha tang C6ng nghe thong tin va truyen
thong, tao nen mong &au tien cho TMDT.
+ M (Message): Cac van de lien quan den Thong diep dit lieu. Thong
diep dit lieu chinh la tat ca cac loai thong tin &lac truyen tai qua mang, qua
Internet trong thuang mai dien tir. Vi du nhu hop 6ng dien tir, cac chao
hang, hoi hang qua mang, cac chimg to thanh toan dien tir deu &rye coi la
thong diem chinh xac han la "thong diep dit lieu". Tai hAu het cac nuoc va
tai Viet Nam, nhUng th6ng diep dit lieu khi duac sir dung trong cac giao
dich TMDT duot thira nhan gia tri phap 47. Dieu nay duac the hien trong
cac Lust mh dm Lien hop que)c ve giao dich dien tir hay Lust TMDT cua
the nuac, cling nhu trong Lust Giao dich dien tir dm Viet Nam.
+ B (Basic Rules): Cac quy tic ca ban dieu chinh chung ve TMDT.
Day chinh la cac luat dieu chinh the linh vac lien quan den TMDT trong
mat nuac hoac khu vac va qu6c te. Vi du: a Viet Nam hien nay la Luat Giao
dich dien tir (3/2006), Lust Cong nghe Thong tin (6/2006), Hiep dinh khung
ve TMDT cua cac khu vac nhu EU, ASEAN, Hiep dinh ve Cong nghe
thong tin dm WTO ve viec thira nhan gia tri phap ly khi giao dich xuyen
"bien giai" quac gia cua WTO.
+ S (Sectorial Rules/Specific Rules): Cac quy the rieng, dieu chinh
tong link vac chuyen sau cua TMDT nhu chimg thuc dien tir, chit 14 dien
tir, ngan hang dien tir (thanh toan dien tir). The hien duai khia canh phap
luat 0 Viet Nam co the la cac Nghl dinh chi tiet ve tang firth \rue. Hay cac
tap quail thuang mai queic t6 mai nhu Quy tic ve xuAt trinh chung tir dien tir
trong thanh toan qu6c to (e-UCP), hay quy the sir dung van don dien tir (cum
Bolero), cac quy dinh ve giao dich dien tir trong Incoterms 2000 va
Incoterms ® 2010.
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- + A (Applications): Ducic hieu la cac img dung TMDT, hay cac mo
hinh kinh doanh thuang mai dien tir can dugc dieu chinh, cling nhu dau tu,
khuyen khich de phat trien, tren co so da giai guy& dugc 4 van de tren. Vi
du nhu: Cac mo hinh C6ng TMDT qu6c gia (ECVN.gov ), Alibaba.com, cac
mo hinh B2C (golmart.com.vn , Amazon.com), mo hinh C2C (EBay.com ),
hay cac website cua cac cong ty XNK, den cac giai phap Lan nhu CRM,
SCM va ERP... deu duce coi chung la cac (mg dung TMDT.
- WTO: Thucmg mai dien tir bao g6m viec san xudt, quang cao, ban
hang va phan ph6i san phAm dugc mua ban va thanh toan teen mang
Internet, nhung viec giao nhan c6 the nhu truyen th6ng hoac giao nhan qua
Internet clued clang s6 hoa.
- AEC (Association for Electronic Commerce): Thucmg mai dien tir la
lam kinh doanh c6 sir dung cac cong cu dien tir, dinh nghia nay rOng, coi
hAu het cac hog d'Ong kinh doanh tir dan gian nhu mot cu dien thoai giao
dich den nhUng trao d6i thong tin EDI phirc tap deu la thuang mai dien tit.
UNCITRAL: Lust mAu v'e Thuong mai dien tir cua Uy ban lien hiep
qu6c ve luSt thuang mai qu6c to (UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic
Commerce, 1996) dinh Thus:mg mai dien tir la viec trao d6i thong
tin thuang mai thong qua cac phuang tien dien tir, khong can phai in ra
gidy bAt cir cong doan nao cua toan bO qua trinh giao dich.
"Thong tin" dugc hieu la bAt cir thir gi co the truyen tai bang ky thuSt
dien tir, bao g6m ca thu tir, cac file van ban, cac co sa dir lieu, cac ban
tinh, cac ban thiet ke hi.-11 do hoa, quang cao, hoi hang, dan hang, hoa
,
don, bang gia, hop d6ng, hinh anh dOng, am thanh...
"Thtrong mai" dugc hieu theo nghia rOng, bao quat m9i van a nay sinh
tir m9i m6i quan he mang tinh thuang mai, du c6 hay kh8ng co hop ang.
Cac m6i quan he mang tinh thuang mai bao g6m, nhung r khong giai han
cac giao dich sau day: bat cir giao dich nao ve cung cap hoac trao doi
hang boa hoac dich vu; dai dien hoac dai ly thuang mai; us, thac hoa
h6ng; cho thue dai han; xay chrng cac cong trinh; tu van; k57 thuSt cong
trinh; cfau tu cap Von; ngan hang; bao hiem; thoa thuSn khai thac hoac to
nhucmg; lien doanh va cac hinh thirc khac ve hop tac cong nghiep hoac
kinh doanh; chuyen ch & . hang hoa hay hanh khach bang duOng bien,
duong kh8ng, dueng sat hoac &rang bO.
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- Mac dit mon hoc c6 ten ggi "Thuang mai din tir" nhung pham vi
nghien ciru rOng han, bao tram len ca cac mo hinh va cac van de kinh doanh
dien tir vOi muc dich trang bi cac kien thirc, ky nang ve thuang mai va kinh
doanh dien tir de ngu6i hoc ap dung trong moi finh vuc kinh doanh va cac to
chirc lien quan.
1.1.3. Ctic phwang tien thyv hien thtrang mai din ter
Cac phucmg tien thuc hien thuang mai d*1 tir (hay can goi la phuang
tien din tir) bao g6m: dien thoai, fax, truyen hinh, dien thoai khong day, cac
mang may tinh co ket not \Jai nhau,... va mang Internet. Tuy nhien, thuang
mai din tir phat trien chit y6u qua Internet va thuc sit troy nen quan trong khi
mang Internet dugc ph6 cap. Mac dit vay, On day cac giao dich thuang mai
thong qua cac phucmg tien diet tir da dang hen, cac thiet bi dien tir di Ong
ding clan clan chiem vi tri quan trong, hinh thirc nay dugc biet den vOi ten
goi thuang mai din tir di dOng (Mobile-commerce hay M-commerce).
- Di0 thoO: la mot phuang tien ph6 thOng, de sir dung, va gait nhu
xuat hien sam nhat trong cac phuang tien dien tir dugc de cap. MOt s6 dich
vu c6 the cung cap truc tiep qua din thoai nhu dich vu buu dien, ngan hang,
h6i dap, to van, giai tri. Vai sit phat trien cua dien thoai di (Ring, lien lac qua
ve tinh, irng dung dm dien thoai dang troy nen rOng raj hcm. Nhung dien
thoai c6 mot han che la chi truyen tai dugc am thanh va moi colic giao dich
van phai ket thitc bang giay tg. Ngoai ra, chi phi giao dich bang din thoai,
nhat la giao dich dien thoai &Ong dai, con kha dat. Thuang mai din tir van
sir dung din thoai nhu mot cong cu quan trong, tuy nhien "di0 thoai" dugc
hieu theo nghia rOng, khong giai han o dien thoai c6 dinh ma dugc hieu la
tat ca cac hinh thirc giao tiep bang giong not thong qua cac phuang tien din
tir: dien thoai qua Internet, "voice chat", "voice message" qua Yahoo
Messenger (YM) hay Skype... Day cung chinh la Igi the n6i bat dm Internet
vai cac img dung truyen thoai qua moi tn.ramg nay.
- May fax: Co the thay the dich vu dua thu va giri cong van truyen
th6ng. Tuy nhien han the cita may fax la chi truyen dugc van 'ban viet,
kitting truyen tai dugc am thanh, hinh anh dOng, hinh anh ba chieu. Fax qua
may tinh va Internet la mot dich vu mai dugc img dung kha rang rai
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