GENDER DIFFERENCES AT CRITICAL TRANSITIONS IN THE CAREERS OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS FACULTY

GENDER DIFFERENCES AT CRITICAL TRANSITIONS IN THE CAREERS OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS FACULTY Committee on Gender Differences in Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine Policy and Global Affairs Committee on National Statistics Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education THE NATIONALACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the NationalAcademy of Sciences, the NationalAcademy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. This project was supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. 0336796. Any opinions,ndings,conclusions,orrecommendationsexpressedinthispublicationarethose of the author(s) and do not necessarily reect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Gender differences at critical transitions in the careers of science, engineering, and mathematicsfaculty/CommitteeonGenderDifferencesinCareersofScience,Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty, Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine [of] Policy and Global Affairs [and] Committee on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, the National Research Council of the National Academies. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-309-11463-9 (hardcover) ISBN-10: 0-309-11463-2 (hardcover) ISBN-13: 978-0-309-11464-6 (pdf) ISBN-10: 0-309-11464-0 (pdf) 1. Universities and colleges—Faculty—Employment—Sex differences—United States— Statistics. 2. Sex discrimination in employment—United States. 3. Sex discrimination in higher education—United States. 4. Women in science—United States. 5. Women in technology—United States. 6. Women in mathematics—United States. 7. Educational surveys—United States. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Gender Differences in Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty. II. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine. III. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on National Statistics. Q148.G46 2009 331.4’133—dc22 2009037397 Additional copies of this report are available from the NationalAcademies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285,Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. Copyright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprot, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientic and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientic and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Charles M. Vest is president of the National Academy of Engineering. The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policymatterspertainingtothehealthofthepublic.TheInstituteactsundertheresponsibil-ity given to the NationalAcademy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Harvey V. Fineberg is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by theAcademy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National AcademyofEngineeringinprovidingservicestothegovernment,thepublic,andthescien-tic and engineering communities.The Council is administered jointly by bothAcademies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. Charles M.Vest are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council. www.national-academies.org COMMITTEE ON GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CAREERS OF SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS FACuLTy 1 Claude R. Canizares, Co-Chair, Vice President for Research and Associate Provost and Bruno Rossi Professor of Experimental Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Sally E. Shaywitz, Co-Chair, Audrey G. Ratner Professor in Learning Development and Co-Director,Yale Center for Dyslexia and Creativity, School of Medicine,Yale University Linda Abriola, Dean of Engineering, Tufts University Jane Buikstra, Regents’Professor, Arizona State University School of Human Evolution and Social Change Alicia Carriquiry, Professor of Statistics, Iowa State University Ronald Ehrenberg, Director, Cornell Higher Education Research Institute and Irving M. Ives Professor of Industrial and Labor Relations and Economics, Cornell University Joan Girgus, Professor of Psychology and Special Assistant to the Dean of the Faculty, Princeton University Arleen Leibowitz, Professor of Public Policy, School of Public Affairs, University of California at Los Angeles Thomas N. Taylor, Distinguished Professor, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity Research Institute, University of Kansas Lilian Wu, Program Executive, Global University Relations, IBM Technology Strategy and Innovation Study Staff Catherine Didion, Study Director (from September 1, 2007) Peter Henderson, Study Director (from October 15, 2005 untilAugust 31, 2007) Jong-on Hahm, Study Director (through October 14, 2005) Constance F. Citro, Director, Committee on National Statistics Michael L. Cohen, Senior Program Ofcer John Sislin, Program Ofcer Elizabeth Briggs, Senior Program Associate Elizabeth Scott, Project Assistant Jessica Buono, Research Associate Jacqueline Martin, Senior Program Assistant 1 Cathleen Synge Morawetz, Professor Emerita, the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University and Yu Xie, Frederick G. L. Huetwell Professor of Sociology, University of Michigan resigned their committee appointments in 2004. iv ... - tailieumienphi.vn