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Foam Engineering Foam Engineering Fundamentals and Applications Edited by Paul Stevenson Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition first published 2012 © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Registered Office John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Foam engineering : fundamentals and applications / [edited by] Paul Stevenson. – 1st ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-66080-5 (hardback) 1. Foam. 2. Foam–Industrial applications. 3. Foam–Technological innovations. 4. Foamed materials. I. Stevenson, Paul, 1973– QD549.F59 2012 620.1–dc23 2011037211 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Print ISBN: 9780470660805 Set in 10/12pt Times by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Contents About the Editor xiii List of Contributors xv Preface xvii 1 Introduction 1 Paul Stevenson 1.1 Gas–Liquid Foam in Products and Processes 1 1.2 Content of This Volume 2 1.3 A Personal View of Collaboration in Foam Research 3 Part I Fundamentals 5 2 Foam Morphology 7 Denis Weaire, Steven T. Tobin, Aaron J. Meagher and Stefan Hutzler 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Basic Rules of Foam Morphology 7 2.2.1 Foams, Wet and Dry 7 2.2.2 The Dry Limit 9 2.2.3 The Wet Limit 11 2.2.4 Between the Two Limits 11 2.3 Two-dimensional Foams 11 2.3.1 The Dry Limit in 2D 11 2.3.2 The Wet Limit in 2D 12 2.3.3 Between the Two Limits in 2D 12 2.4 Ordered Foams 15 2.4.1 Two Dimensions 15 2.4.2 Three Dimensions 16 2.5 Disordered Foams 19 2.6 Statistics of 3D Foams 20 2.7 Structures in Transition: Instabilities and Topological Changes 21 2.8 Other Types of Foams 22 2.8.1 Emulsions 22 2.8.2 Biological Cells 22 2.8.3 Solid Foams 23 2.9 Conclusions 24 Acknowledgements 24 References 25 vi Contents 3 Foam Drainage 27 Stephan A. Koehler 3.1 Introduction 27 3.2 Geometric Considerations 29 3.3 A Drained Foam 33 3.4 The Continuity Equation 35 3.5 Interstitial Flow 36 3.6 Forced Drainage 38 3.7 Rigid Interfaces and Neglecting Nodes: The Original Foam Drainage Equation 41 3.8 Mobile Interfaces and Neglecting Nodes 43 3.9 Neglecting Channels: The Node-dominated Model 46 3.10 The Network Model: Combining Nodes and Channels 48 3.11 The Carman – Kozeny Approach 50 3.12 Interpreting Forced Drainage Experiments: A Detailed Look 51 3.13 Unresolved Issues 53 3.14 A Brief History of Foam Drainage 54 References 55 4 Foam Ripening 59 Olivier Pitois 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 The Very Wet Limit 59 4.3 The Very Dry Limit 61 4.3.1 Inter-bubble Gas Diffusion through Thin Films 61 4.3.2 von Neumann Ripening for 2D Foams 62 4.3.3 3D Coarsening 64 4.4 Wet Foams 65 4.5 Controlling the Coarsening Rate 69 4.5.1 Gas Solubility 69 4.5.2 Resistance to Gas Permeation 70 4.5.3 Shell Mechanical Strength 70 4.5.4 Bulk Modulus 71 References 72 5 Coalescence in Foams 75 Annie Colin 5.1 Introduction 75 5.2 Stability of Isolated Thin Films 76 5.2.1 Experimental Studies Dealing with Isolated Thin Liquid Films 76 5.2.2 Theoretical Description of the Rupture of an Isolated Thin Liquid Film 77 5.3 Structure and Dynamics of Foam Rupture 78 5.4 What Are the Key Parameters in the Coalescence Process? 81 ... - tailieumienphi.vn
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