family therapy concepts process and practice part 3

104 CENTRAL CONCEPTS IN FAMILY THERAPY specified but are not linked. For example, ‘If I make dinner, I may go sail-ing; if you do the shopping, you may go out with friends’. Graded task assignment. For depressed inactive patients, gradually increasing clients’ activity levels by successively assigning increasingly larger tasks and activities. Love days. In discordant couples, increasing the amount of non-contingent reinforcement within their relationships by inviting couples, on alternate days, to increase the rate with which they engage in behaviours their spouse has identified as enjoyable. Modelling. Learning by observing others. Monitoring. Regularly observing and recording information about spe-cific behaviours or events. These include the duration, frequency and in-tensity of problematic or positive behaviours and their antecedents and consequences. Negative reinforcement. Increasing the probable frequency of a response by rewarding it with the removal of an undesired stimulus. For example, increasing the child’s use of the word ‘please’ by stopping things they do not like when they say ‘please’. Operant conditioning. Learning responses as a result of either positive or negative reinforcement. For example, working hard because of praise for doing so in the past, or bullying others because in the past it has stopped them annoying you. Pleasant event scheduling. For depressed clients with constricted life-styles, increasing the frequency with which desired events occur by scheduling their increased frequency. Positive reinforcement. Increasing the probable frequency of a response by rewarding it with a desired stimulus. For example, increasing good behaviour by praising it. Problem-solving skills training. This involves coaching clients through modelling and role play in defi ning large daunting problems as a series of small solvable problems and, for each problem: brain-storming solutions; evaluating the pros and cons of these; selecting one; jointly implementing it; reviewing progress; and modifying the selected solution if it is ineffective or celebrating success if the problem is resolved. Punishment. Temporarily suppressing the frequency of a response by introducing an undesired stimulus every time the response occurs. Pun-ished response recurs once punishment is withdrawn and if aggression is used as a punishment, the punished person may learn to imitate this aggression through modelling. Quid pro quo contract. A contingency contract for couples in which the consequences for both parties of engaging in target positive behaviours are specified and linked. For example, ‘If you make dinner, I’ll wash up’. Reinforcement menu. A list of desired objects or events. THEORIES THAT FOCUS ON BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS 105 Relaxation training. Training clients to reduce physiological arousal and anxiety by systematically tensing and relaxing all major muscle groups and visualising a tranquil scene. Reward system. A systematic routine for the reinforcement of target behaviours. Schemas. Hypothetical complex cognitive structures (involving biases, attributions, beliefs, expectancies, assumptions and standards) through which experience is structured and organised. Selective attention. An automatic (often unconscious) process of pref-erentially directing attention to one class of stimuli rather than others, for example, noting and responding only to negative behaviour in family members. Shaping. The reinforcement of successive approximations to target posi-tive behaviour. Standards. Beliefs about how people generally should behave in family re-lationships, for example family members should be honest with each other. Star chart. A reward system where a child receives a star on a wall chart each time they complete a target behaviour such as not bedwetting. A col-lection of stars may be cashed in for a prize from a reinforcement menu. Systematic desensitisation. A procedure based on classical condition-ing where phobic clients learn to associate relaxation with increasingly anxiety-provoking concrete or imaginal stimuli. Time-out (from reinforcement). A system for extinguishing negative behaviours in children by arranging for them to spend time in solitude away from reinforcing events and situations if they engage in these nega-tive behaviours. Token economy. A reward system where a child or adolescent receives tokens, such as poker chips or points, for completing target behaviours and these may be accumulated and exchanged for items from a reinforce-ment menu. Functional Family Therapy Attributional style. The explanatory style used by family members to account for positive and negative behaviours. Under stress, family mem-bers tend to attribute negative behaviour to personal factors and positive behaviours to situational factors. Education. The second stage of treatment which involves training family members to use routines from behaviour therapy, such as contingency contracts, to replace problematic with non-problematic behaviour pat-terns that fulfil similar relationship functions. Functions. Problematic and non-problematic behaviour patterns serve relationship functions, including distancing, creating intimacy and regu-lating distance. 106 CENTRAL CONCEPTS IN FAMILY THERAPY Relationship skills. These include clarifying how family members’ emotional responses force them unwittingly into problem-maintaining be-haviour patterns; adopting a non-blaming stance involving the use of relabel-ling fair turn taking in family sessions; using warmth and humour to defuse conflict; and engaging in sufficient self-disclosure to promote empathy. Structuring skills. These include directives in maintaining a therapeutic focus, clear communication and self-confidence. Therapy. The first stage of treatment which involves helping family mem-bers change their attributional styles so that they attribute positive behav-iours to personal factors and negative behaviours to situational factors. FURTHER READING MRI Brief Marital and Family Therapy Cade, B. & O’Hanlon, W. (1993). A Brief Guide to Brief Therapy. New York: Norton. Duncan, B., Miller, S. & Sparks, J. (2003). Interactional and solution-focused brief therapies: Evolving concepts of change. In T. Sexton, G. Weeks & M. Robbins (Eds), Handbook of Family Therapy, pp. 101–124. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Fisch, R. & Schlanger, R. (1999). Brief Therapy with Intimidating Cases. Changing the Unchangeable. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass. Fisch, R., Weakland, J. & Segal, L. (1982). The Tactics of Change: Doing Therapy Briefl y. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass. Green, S. & Flemons, D. (2004). Quickies: The Handbook of Brief Sex Therapy. New York: Norton Hoyt, M. (2001). Interviews with Brief Therapy Experts. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner-Routledge. Segal, L. (1991). Brief therapy: The MRI Approach. In A. Gurman & D. Kniskern (Eds), Handbook of Family Therapy, Vol. 11, pp. 171–199. New York: Brunner-Mazel. Shoham, V. & Rohbaugh, M. (2002). Brief strategic couple therapy. In A. Gurman & N.Jacobon (Eds), Clinical Hanbook of Couples Therapy, 3rd edn, pp. 5–21. New York: Guilford. Watzlawick, P. Weakland, J. & Fisch, R. (1974). Change. Principles of Problem Formation and Problem Resolution. New York: Norton. Weakland, J. & Fisch, R. (1992). Brief therapy: MRI style. In S. Budman, M. Hoyt & S. Friedman (Eds), The First Session in Brief Therapy, pp. 306–323. New York: Guilford. Weakland, J. & Ray, W. (1995). Propagations: Thirty Years of Influence from the Mental Research Institute. Binghampton, NY: Haworth. Strategic Marital and Family Therapy Behar-Mitrani, V. & Perez, M. (2000). Structural-strategic approaches to couple and family therapy. In T. Sexton, G. Weeks & M. Robbins (Eds), Handbook of Family Therapy, pp. 177–200. New York: Brunner-Routledge. THEORIES THAT FOCUS ON BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS 107 Browning, S. & Green, R. (2003). Constructing therapy: From strategic to systemic to narrative models. In G. Sholevar (Ed.), Textbook of Family and Couples Therapy: Clinical Applications, pp. 55–76. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Grove, D. & Haley, J. (1993). Conversations on Therapy. New York: Norton. Haley, J. & Richeport-Haley, M. (2003). The Art of Strategic Therapy. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Haley, J. (1963). Strategies of Psychotherapy. New York: Grune & Stratton. Haley, J. (1967). Advanced Techniques of Hypnosis and Therapy: Selected Papers of Milton H. Erickson, MD. New York: Grune & Stratton. Haley, J. (1973). Uncommon Therapy. New York: Norton. Haley, J. (1976). Problem Solving Therapy. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Haley, J. (1984). Ordeal Therapy. San Francisco: Jossey Bass. Haley, J. (1985a). Conversations with Milton H. Erickson, MD: Volume 1. Changing Individuals. New York: Norton. Haley, J. (1985b). Conversations with Milton H. Erickson, MD: Volume 2. Changing Couples. New York: Norton. Haley, J. (1985c). Conversations with Milton H. Erickson, MD: Volume 3. Changing Children and Families. New York: Norton. Haley, J. (1996). Learning and Teaching Therapy. New York: Guilford. Haley, J. (1997). Leaving Home: The Therapy of Disturbed Young People, 2nd edn. Philadelphia, PA: Brunner-Mazel. Keim, J. & Lappin, J. (2002). Structural-strategic marital therapy. In A. Gurman & N. Jacobon (Eds), Clinical Handbook of Couples Therapy, 3rd edn, pp. 86–117. New York: Guilford. Lankton, S. & Lankton, C. (1991). Ericksonian family therapy. In A. Gurman & D. Kniskern (Eds), Handbook of Family Therapy, Vol. 11, pp. 239–283. New York: Brunner Mazel. Madanes, C. (1981). Strategic Family Therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Madanes, C. (1984). Behind the One-way Mirror: Advances in the Practice of Strategic Therapy. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass. Madanes, C. (1990). Sex, Love and Violence. New York: Norton. Madanes, C. (1994). The Secret Meaning of Money. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Madanes, C. Keim, J. & Smelser, D. (1995). The Violence of Men. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Madanes, C. (1991). Strategic Family Therapy. In A. Gurman & D. Kniskern (Eds), Handbook of Family Therapy, Vol. 11, pp. 396–416. New York: Brunner-Mazel. Rosen, K. (2003). Strategic family therapy. In L. Hecker & J. Wetchler (Eds), An Introduction to Marital and Family Therapy, pp. 95–122. New York: Haworth. Structural Family Therapy Behar-Mitrani, V. & Perez, M. (2003). Structural-strategic approaches to couple and family therapy. In T. Sexton, G. Weeks & M. Robbins (Eds), Handbook of Family Therapy, pp. 177–200. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Colapinto, J. (1991). Structural family therapy. In A. Gurman & D. Kniskern (Eds), Handbook of Family Therapy, Vol. 11, pp. 417–443. New York: Brunner-Mazel. Elizur, J. & Minuchin, S. (1989). Institutionalising Madness. Families, Therapy and Society. New York: Basic Books. 108 CENTRAL CONCEPTS IN FAMILY THERAPY Fishman, C. & Fishman, T. (2003). Structural family therapy. In G. Sholevar (Ed.), Textbook of Family and Couples Therapy: Clinical Applications, pp. 35–54. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press. Fishman, C. (1988). Treating Troubled Adolescents: A Family Therapy Approach. New York: Basic Books. Fishman, C. (1993). Intensive Structural Family Therapy: Treating Families in their Social Context. New York: Basic Books. Keim, J. & Lappin, J. (2002). Structural-strategic marital therapy. In A. Gurman & N. Jacobon (Eds), Clinical Handbook of Couples Therapy, 3rd edn, pp. 86–117. New York: Guilford. Minuchin, S. & Fishman, H.C. (1981). Family Therapy Techniques. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Minuchin, S. & Nichols, M. (1993). Family Healing: Tales of Hope and Renewal from Family Therapy. New York: Free Press. Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and Family Therapy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Minuchin, S. (1984). Family Kaleidoscope. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Minuchin, S., Rosman, B. & Baker, L. (1978). Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Minuchin, S., Lee, W. & Simon, G. (1996). Mastering Family Therapy: Journeys of Growth and Transformation. New York: Wiley. Minuchin, S., Montalvo, B., Guerney, B., Rosman, B. & Schumer, F. (1967). Families of the Slums. New York: Basic Books. Wetchler, J. (2003). Structural family therapy. In L. Hecker & J. Wetchler (Eds), An Introduction to Marital and Family Therapy, pp. 39–62. New York: Haworth. Behavioural Marital and Family Therapy Atkins, D., Dimidhian, S. & Christensen, A. (2003). Behavioural couple therapy: Past, present and future. In T. Sexton, G. Weeks & M. Robbins (Eds), Handbook of Family Therapy, pp. 281–302. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Baucom, D. & Epstein, N. (1990). Cognitive Behavioural Marital Therapy. New York: Brunner-Mazel. Baucom, D., Epstein, N. & LaTaillade, J. (2002). Cognitive behavioural couple therapy. In A. Gurman & N. Jacobon (Eds), Clinical Handbook of Couples Therapy, 3rd edn, pp. 86–117. New York: Guilford. Dattilio, F. & Epstein, N. (2003). Cognitive-behavioural couple and family therapy. In T. Sexton, G. Weeks & M. Robbins (Eds), Handbook of Family Therapy, pp. 147–176. New York: Brunner-Routledge. Dattilio, F. & Padesky, C. (1990). Cognitive Therapy with Couples. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Exchange. Dattilio, F. (1997). Integrative Cases in Couples and Family Therapy. Cognitive-Behavioural Perspective. New York: Guilford. Dimidjian, S., Martell, C. & Christensen, A. (2002). Integrative behavioural couple therapy. In A. Gurman & N. Jacobon (Eds), Clinical Handbook of Couples Therapy, 3rd edn, pp. 251–280. New York: Guilford. ... - tailieumienphi.vn