Expert Systems and Geographical Information Systems for Impact Assessment - Chapter 1

Expert Systems and Geographical Information Systems for Impact Assessment © 2004 Agustin Rodriguez-Bachiller with John Glasson Expert Systems and Geographical Information Systems for Impact Assessment Agustin Rodriguez-Bachiller with John Glasson Oxford Brookes University, UK © 2004 Agustin Rodriguez-Bachiller with John Glasson First published 2004 by Taylor & Francis 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis Inc, 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2004 Agustin Rodriguez-Bachiller with John Glasson Typeset in Sabon by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Every effort has been made to ensure that the advice and information in this book is true and accurate at the time of going to press. However, neither the publisher nor the authors can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. In the case of drug administration, any medical procedure or the use of technical equipment mentioned within this book, you are strongly advised to consult the manufacturer’s guidelines. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Rodriguez-Bachiller, Agustin, 1942– Expert systems and geographical information systems for impact assessment/Agustin Rodriguez-Bachiller with John Glasson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Geographical information systems. 2. Expert systems (Computer science) I. Glasson, John, 1946– II. Title; G70. 212 .R64 2003–03–04 910¢ .285¢633—dc21 2003002535 ISBN 0–415–30725–2 (pbk) ISBN 0–415–30724–4 (hbk) © 2004 Agustin Rodriguez-Bachiller with John Glasson Contents Acknowledgements vi PART I GIS and expert systems for impact assessment 1 1 The potential of expert systems and GIS for impact assessment 3 2 Expert systems and decision support 27 3 GIS and impact assessment 52 4 GIS and environmental management 81 5 GIS and expert systems for impact assessment 116 PART II Building expert systems (with and without GIS) for impact assessment 159 6 Project screening and scoping 163 7 Hard-modelled impacts: air and noise 189 8 Soft-modelled impacts: terrestrial ecology and landscape 234 9 Socio-economic and traffic impacts 272 10 Water impacts 317 11 Reviewing environmental impact statements 357 12 Conclusions: the limits of GIS and expert systems for impact assessment 377 © 2004 Agustin Rodriguez-Bachiller with John Glasson Acknowledgements Grateful acknowledgement is owed to various groups of persons who helped with some of the preparatory work leading to this book. These include, for Part I, the experts in the Regional Research Laboratories who kindly agreed to be interviewed (in person or by telephone): • Peter Brown (Liverpool University) • Mike Coombes (University of Newcastle) • Derek Diamond (London School of Economics) • Peter Fisher (Leicester University) • Richard Healey (Edinburgh University) • Graeme Herbert (University College, London) • Stan Openshaw (University of Leeds) • David Walker (Loughborough University) • Chris Webster (University of Wales in Cardiff) • Craig Whitehead (London School of Economics) For Part II, many thanks are also given to those experts consulted on various aspects of Impact Assessment, most working at the time in Environ-ment Resources Management Ltd (ERM) at its branches in Oxford or London (although some of these professionals have now moved to other jobs or locations, they are listed here by their position at the time [1994]), and one from the Impact Assessment Unit (IAU) at Oxford Brookes University: • Dave Ackroyd, ERM (Oxford) • Roger Barrowcliffe, ERM (Oxford) • Nicola Beaumont, ERM (Oxford) • Sue Clarke, ERM (Oxford) • Stuart Dryden, ERM (Oxford) • Gev Edulgee, ERM (Oxford, Deputy Manager) • Chris Ferrari, ERM (London) • Nick Giesler, ERM (London) • Karen Raymond, ERM (Oxford, Manager) © 2004 Agustin Rodriguez-Bachiller with John Glasson ... - tailieumienphi.vn