Estimating the Percentage of Students Who Were Tested on Cognitively Demanding Items Through the State Achievement Tests

CHILDREN AND FAMILIES EDUCATION AND THE ARTS ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INFRASTRUCTURE AND TRANSPORTATION INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS LAW AND BUSINESS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. This electronic document was made available from www.rand.org as a public service of the RAND Corporation. Skip all front matter: Jump to Page 16 Support RAND Purchase this document Browse Reports & Bookstore Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Explore RAND Education View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND electronic documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND electronic documents are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND monographs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND mono-graphs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. Implementation of School-Based Management in Indonesia Georges Vernez, Rita Karam, Jeffery H. Marshall Sponsored by the World Bank EDUCATION This work was sponsored by the World Bank. The research was conducted in RAND Education, a unit of the RAND Corporation. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Vernez, Georges. Implementation of school-based management in Indonesia / Georges Vernez, Rita Karam, Jeffery H. Marshall. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8330-7618-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. School management and organization—Indonesia. 2. School management and organization—Indonesia—Statistics. 3. Educational planning—Indonesia. I. Karam, Rita. II. Marshall, Jeffery H. III. Title. LB2953.V47 2012 371.209598—dc23 2012020643 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2012 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/ permissions.html). Published 2012 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: order@rand.org Preface As part of a broad decentralization of governance responsibilities to districts, the Indonesian government established school-based manage-ment (SBM) in 2003. SBM is a form of education governance that grants responsibilities to, and authority for, individual school academic opera-tions to principals, teachers, and other local community-based mem-bers. The expectations are that local, and often shared, decisionmaking will lead to more eficient and effective policies and programs aligned with local priorities, which in turn will lead to improved school per-formance and student achievement. To further encourage more school autonomy, a grant program to schools, the school operational fund-ing program (Bantuan Operasional Sekolah or BOS), was established in 2005. BOS provided a per-student amount (rupiah [Rp] 400,000 per student in 2010 for elementary schools) to all schools and comes with few strings attached, allowing it to be disbursed according to local priorities. Because of the limited scope of past research on the implemen-tation and effects of SBM in Indonesia, eight years after it was first implemented the World Bank commissioned the RAND Corpora-tion to undertake a study whose principal aims were to (1) provide a nationwide quantitative and qualitative status report on the implemen-tation of SBM, (2) identify factors associated with successful practices of SBM, and (3) assess the effects of SBM on student achievement. The study was carried out in 2010 and 2011. iii ... - tailieumienphi.vn