Xem mẫu
- Collins
COBUILD
Key Words
for IELTS
Book 3: ADVANCED
c o b u ild :th e w o r ld 's la r g e s t la n g u a g e c o rp u s
- HarperCollins Publishers Entered words that we have reason
contents
Westerhill Road to believe constitute trademarks
Bishopbriggs have been designated as such.
Glasgow However, neither the presence nor Introduction
C642QT absence of such designation should 4
be regarded as affecting the legal
First edition 2011 status of any trademark. Pronunciation guide
Reprint 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Guide to entries 6_7
Editorial staff
©HarperCollins Publishers 2011
Senior editor G uideto gram m atical labels g
ISBN 978-0-00-736547-0 Julie Moore
Collins ® is a registered trademark of Project manager
HarperCollins Publishers Limited Lisa Sutherland Word lists
Sciences 1Q
www.collinslanguage.com Contributors Social sciences 15
Sandra Anderson
Arts ig
A catalogue record for this book is Jamie Flockhart
available from the British Library Lucy Hollingworth M ulti-discipline 21
Virginia Klein Academ ic study 2g
Typeset by Davidson Publishing Claire Newton Academ ic word list 2g
Solutions, Glasgow Cerwyss O’Hare
Kate Wild
Printed in Great Britain by Clays Ltd,
St Ives pic For the publishers Key words A-Z
Lucy Cooper 33
Kerry Ferguson
All rights reserved. No part of Gavin Cray
this book may be reproduced, Elaine Higgleton
stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any Computing support
means, electronic, mechanical, Thomas Callan
photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior The publishers would like to thank
permission in writing of the the following for their invaluable
Publisher.This book is sold subject contribution to the series:
to the conditions that it shall Sharon Chalmers
not, by way of trade or otherwise, Rachael Clarke
be lent, re-sold, hired out or Jane Cursiter
otherwise circulated without the Patrick Hubbuck
publisher’s prior consent in any Martin Jenkins
form of binding or cover other
than that in which it is published
and without a similar condition
including this condition being
imposed on the subsequent
purchaser.
- 4 introduction pronunciation guide 5
Collins COBUILD Keywords for IELT5 : Book 3 Advanced is the final book in the We have used the International PhoneticAlphabet(IPA) to show how the
Keywords for IELTS series. It covers the words and phrases that will help you words are pronounced.
to raise the level of your English to achieve the high IELTS score required by
some universities for more challenging courses and postgraduate study. IPA Symbols
Mastering the vocabulary in this book will give you the skills you need to
confidently use Academic English in an English-medium university context. V ow el Soun ds C o n so n a n t Sou n ds
a: calm ,ah b bed, rub
Thefirst section of the book consists of word lists organized by subject and ae act, mass d done, red
topic area. You can use these lists to help you revise sets of vocabulary or ai dive, cry f fit, if
when preparing for writing tasks.The words are grouped into academic aid fire, tyre 9 good, dog
subject areas, such as Science and History, common topics such as social au out, down h hat, horse
issues and the environment, as well as according to functions, such as aua flour, sour j yellow, you
talking about cause and effect or describing trends. e met, lend, pen k king, pick
The second section of the book contains alphabetically ordered dictionary- ei say, weight 1 lip, bill
style entries for key words and phrases. The vocabu lary items have been ea fair, care m mat, ram
chosen tofully prepare you for the kind of language found in the IELTS exam. 1 fit, win n not, tin
The words and phrases regularly appear in the most common IELTS topics, 1: seem, me P pay, lip
and are clearly labelled by subject area. More formal vocabulary has been id near, beard r run, read
included so that you can feel confident using a more sophisticated style in D lot. spot s soon, bus
IELTS writing tasks and academ ic essays. eu note, coat t talk, bet
0: claw, more V van, love
Each word is illustrated with exam ples of natural English taken from the 01 boy,joint w win, wool
Collins corpus and reflects the style of language used in IELTS texts. As well u could, stood X loch
as definitions and examples, entries include additional information about u: you,use z zoo,buzz
collocations, as well as usage notes to help you put the vocabulary you ua sure, pure J ship, wish
have learnt into practice. 3: turn, third 3 measure, leisure
Wordsfrom the same root, for example, coincide, coincidence, coincidental, A fund, must i) sing, working
are shown togetherto help you make these vital links between words. a the first vowel in about tj cheap, witch
By understanding how these words relate to each other, you will be able to e thin, myth
vary the way you express your ideas, which will help improve your writing a then,bathe
and speaking skills. •• ■ d3 joy, bridge
There are synonym s and antonym s at each entry to help you widen Notes
your range of vocabulary and create more variety in your writing style. Primary and secondary stress are shown by marks above and belowthe
The Extend your vocabulary boxes help you understand the differences line, in front of the stressed syllable. For exam pie, in the word abbreviation,
between sets of sim ilar words, so you can be sure that your English is /a .b riiv i'e i/a n /, the second syllable has secondary stress and the fourth
accurate and natural. syllable has primary stress.
We hope you enjoy preparing for IELTS using Collins COBUILD Keywords for We do not normally show pronunciations for compound words (words
lELTS.Thevocabularyinthese books will help you to not only achieve the which are made up of more than one word). Pronunciationsforthe words
IELTS score you are aiming for, but will equip you for success in thefuture. that make up the compounds are usually found at their entries in other
parts of the book. However, compound words do have stress markers.
- 6 guide to dictionary entries guide to dictionary entries 7
Headwords are Labels tell you Words from All the Subject areas
organized in more about how the Academic different forms are highlighted
alphabetical andwhenthe Word List are of the word are and link the
order. word is used highlighted listed word to the
thematic word
(Pronunciation lists
at|tain /a'tein/taliains,attaining,attainad) A C A D E M IC W O R D
r b If you apatn som ething, you gain it or achieve it, often after a lot of
Word classes
effort, [f o r m a l ] o the best w oy to attain the objectives of our strategy are shown for
o Business has yet to attain the social status it has in other countries. every meaning
►c o llo c a t io n s : of the word
atta in enlightenment/perfection
atta in a status/rank/goal/objective
E X T E N D Y O U R VO CABU LARY >nu|tri|ent / n j u . ’t r ia n t , a m ’n u : - / (nutrients)
Words from Nutrients are substances th a t help plants and a n im a ls to grow,
You can ta lk abo ut reaching or achieving som ething tike a goal or a noun
the same root level, a The temperature reached the required level, o There are simpler ways o the role of vegetable fibres, vitamins, minerals and otlkr essential nutrients
are shown of achieving the same result. o Studies showfla t a depressed person often lacks severally nutrients, o daily
together Attain is a more form al verb, used especially to ta lk abo ut getting
nutrient into,
►c o llo c a t io n s :
to a high or respected level, o a book that in time attained the status of
a classic abspfb/supply/contain/lack nutrients
ential/vital/basic/important nutrients
• ''r e la t e d w o r d s : v ita m in , m ine ral
at|tain|ment /a'teinmant/ (attain en
m ts)
noun o [+of] the attainment of independence a their educational attainments
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
Information lELTS-style Related words Definitions
attainmerrt-o(sorriething
he atta in m e n t of a £ o ^ l
boxes help examples show help expand explain what
educational/academic&tginments increase your how the word your the word
► s y n o n y m s : ach ie ve m en t, su cte ss
understanding is used in vocabulary means in
► a n t o n y m : fa i Iu re
of the word context simple
and when to language
use it
Collocations Synonyms and Labels show
help you put antonyms help common
the word into expandyour grammatical
practice vocabulary patterns
- 8 guide to grammatical labels
All the words in the dictionary section have grammar information given about
them. Foreach word, its word class is shown afterthe headword.The sections
W ord lists
below show more information about each word class.
ADJECTIVE An adjective is a word that is used for telling you more about a
person or thing. You would use an adjective to talk about appearance, colour,
size, or other qualities, e.g. He has been absent from his desk for two weeks.
ADVERB An adverb is a word that gives more information about when, how,
or where something happens, e.g. The costs of each part of the process can be
measured fairly accurately.
COMBINING FORM A combining form is a word that isjoined with another
word, usually with a hyphen, to form compounds, e.g. the most iniury-prone rider
on the circuit.
CONVENTION A convention is a word ora fixed phrase that is used in a specific
situation, for example when greeting someone, apologizing or replying, e.g. hello.
NOUN A noun is a word that refers to a person, a thing, ora quality. In this
book, the label noun is given to all countable nouns. A countable noun is used for
talking about things that can be counted, and that have both singular and plural
forms, e.g. She turned her head away; difficult financial situations.
PHRASAL VERB A phrasal verb consists of a verb and one or more particles,
e.g. All experiments were carried out by three psychologists.
PHRASE Phrases are groups of words which are used together and which have
a meaning of theirown, e.g. Most schools are unwilling to cut down on staff in order
to cut costs.
PLURAL NOUN A plural noun is always plural, and it is used with plural verbs,
e.g. He called the emergency services and they arrived within minutes.
PREPOSITION A preposition is a word such as by, with, or from which is always
followed by a noun group orthe-zn^ form of a verb, e.g. The themes are repeated
throughout the film.
PRONOUN A pronoun is a word that you use instead of a noun, when you do
not need or want to name someone or something directly, e.g. No one drug will
suit everyone and sometimes several may have to be tried.
QUANTIFIER A quantifier comes beforeofand a noun group, e.g. the bulk of
the text.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUN An uncountable noun is used fortalking about
things that are not normally counted, or that we do not think of as single items.
Uncountable nouns do not have a plural form, and they are used with a singular
verb, e.g. The report has inevitably been greeted with scepticism.
VERB A verb is a word that is used for saying what someone or something does,
orwhat happens to them, or to give information about them, e.g. The exhibition
traces the history ofgraphic design.
- -
General scienceJ extract (verb) Physics hydraulic (adj)
extraction (uncount) hydraulically (adv)
biochemistry (uncount) filter (verb, noun) atom (noun) hydraulics (uncount)
biochemical (adj) harness (verb) atomic (adj) hydroelectric (adj)
biochemist (noun) synthesize (verb) electron (noun) hydroelectricity (uncount)
biotechnology (uncount) synthetic (adj) neutron (noun) laser(noun)
biotechnologist (noun) synthetically (adv) particle (noun) lens (noun)
yield (verb, noun) optical (adj)
Scien tific rese arch prototype(noun)
apparatus (uncount) S u b sta n ce s & q u a litie s dynamic (adj, noun, plural, uncount)
gauge (verb, noun) constituent (noun, adj) force(noun) IT
laser(noun) debris (uncount) hydraulic (adj) default (adj, uncount)
Petri dish (noun) dense (adj) hydraulically (adv) erase (verb)
telescope (noun) density (noun) hydraulics (uncount) icon (noun)
test tube (noun) fibre (noun) hydroelectric (adj) interactive (adj)
vacuum (noun) permeable (adj) hydroelectricity (uncount) interface (noun, verb)
porous (adj) kinetic (adj) protocol (noun)
Scien tific p ro ce sse s radioactive (adj) momentum (uncount) silicon chip (noun)
accelerate (verb) radiation (uncount) motion (uncount) state-of-the-art (adj)
acceleration (uncount) raw (adj) propel (verb, comb)
activate (verb) staple (adj, noun)
activation (uncount) Maths
combustion (uncount) T h e en viro n m e n t acoustic (uncount, adj) V_______________/
condense (verb) biodiversity (uncount) analogue (adj) constant (noun)
condensation (uncount) ecosystem (noun) electrode (noun) deduct (verb)
conduct (verb) fossil fuel (noun) lens (noun) deduction (noun, uncount)
conduction (uncount) landfill (uncount) optical (adj) integer(noun)
conductive (adj) refuse (uncount) reflect (verb) mean (noun)
conductivity (uncount) unspoiled (adj) reflection (uncount) median (adj)
conductor (noun) sonic (adj) power (noun)
contaminate (verb) z'....... \ spectrum (noun) prime number(noun)
contaminated (adj)
v
Chem istry y terminal (adj, noun) theorem (noun)
contamination (uncount) three-dimensional (adj)
contaminant (noun) agent (noun) two-dimensional (adj)
contract (verb) atom (noun) Applied sciences
------------------------------------------------y
contraction (noun) atomic (adj)
dehydrate (verb) chain reaction (noun) Eng ineering [ Biology & medicine
dehydrated (adj) compound (noun) analogue (adj)
dehydration (uncount) crystal (noun) propel (verb, comb) A n ato m y
deplete (verb) dilute (verb, adj) audio (adj) anatomy (uncount, noun)
depletion (uncount) dilution (uncount, noun) automate (verb) anatomical (adj)
dilute (verb, adj) insoluble (adj) automation (uncount) anatomically (adv)
dilution (uncount, noun) molecule (noun) conduct (verb) artery (noun)
disperse (verb) molecular (adj) conduction (uncount) arterial (adj)
dispersal (uncount) periodic table (noun) conductive (adj) aural (adj)
dissolve (verb) conductivity (uncount) cardiovascular(adj)
evaporate (verb) conductor (noun) cognitive (adj)
evaporation (uncount) embryo (noun)
exhaust (verb, uncount) embryonic (adj)
- SCIEN CES
hemisphere (noun) P la n ts & a n im a ls flora (uncount) immunize (verb)
immune (adj) amphibian (noun) germinate (verb) immunization (noun)
immunity (uncount) amphibious (adj) germination (uncount) pathology (uncount)
immune system (noun) carnivore (noun) nutrient(noun) pathologist (noun)
nervous system (noun) carnivorous (adj) photosynthesis (uncount) pharmaceutical (adj, plural)
neural (adj) colony (noun) pollen (noun) pharmacology (uncount)
neurology (uncount) colonial (adj) pollinate (verb) pharmacological (adj)
neurologist (noun) colonialism (uncount) pollination (uncount) pharmacologist (noun)
oral (adj) colonialist (adj, noun) unspoiled (adj) physiotherapy (uncount)
orally (adv) colonize (verb) vegetation (uncount) physiotherapist (noun)
pathology (uncount) fauna (noun) practitioner(noun)
pathologist (noun) food chain (noun) psychiatry (uncount)
skull (noun) fossil (noun) adolescent (adj, noun) psychiatric (adj)
spine (noun) herbivore (noun) adolescence (uncount) psychiatrist (noun)
spinal (adj) herbivorous (adj) breed (noun, verb) remedy (noun)
vein (noun) hibernate (verb) mate (noun, verb) therapy (uncount, noun)
hibernation (uncount) maternal (adj) therapist (noun)
Biological p ro ce sse s host (noun) maternity (adj) therapeutic (adj)
& rese arch hybrid (noun, adj) nurture (verb, uncount) transplant (noun, verb)
decay (verb, uncount) larva (noun) paternal (adj) transplantation (uncount)
dormant (adj) mammal (noun) vaccine (noun)
exhale (verb) marine (adj) H ealth vaccinate (verb)
exhalation (noun) migrate (verb) appetite (noun) vaccination (noun)
fertilize (verb) migration (noun) blood pressure (uncount)
fertilization (uncount) omnivorous (adj) carbohydrate (noun) Illness
inhale (verb) omnivore (noun) immune (adj) acute (adj)
inhalation (uncount) parasite (noun) immunity (uncount) addict (noun)
reproduce (verb) parasitic (adj) immune system (noun) addiction (noun)
reproduction (uncount) pesticide (noun) intake (noun) addictive (adj)
respiration (uncount) predator (noun) posture (noun) allergy (noun)
respiratory (adj) predatory (adj) postural (adj) allergic (adj)
suppress (verb) prey (uncount, verb) protein (noun) chronic (adj)
suppression (uncount) reptile (noun) chronically (adv)
H e a lth ca re deficient (adj, comb)
administer(verb) deficiency (noun)
clone (noun, verb) biodiversity (uncount) anaesthetic (noun) dehydrate (verb)
DN A (uncount) ecosystem (noun) anaesthetize (verb) dehydrated (adj)
gene (noun) flourish (verb) anaesthetist (noun) dehydration (uncount)
genetics (uncount) flourishing (adj) antibiotic (noun) epidemic (noun)
genetic (adj) indigenous (adj) antiseptic (noun, adj) obese (adj)
genetically (adv) dilute (verb, adj) obesity (uncount)
geneticist (noun) dilution (uncount, noun) overweight (adj)
microbiology (uncount) donate (verb) stroke (noun)
microbiological (adj) donation (noun) syndrome (noun)
microbiologist (noun) donor (noun, adj) terminal (adj, noun)
dose (noun) transm it (verb)
dosage (noun) transmission (uncount)
trauma (uncount)
- S O C IA L S C IE N C E S
Geography] equator(noun) Sociology burden (noun)
hemisphere (noun) catastrophe (noun)
A stro n o m y latitude (noun, adj) People & fa m ily catastrophic (adj)
galaxy (noun) longitude (noun, adj) adolescent (adj, noun) catastrophically (adv)
lunar (adj) terrestrial (adj) adolescence (uncount) civil rights (plural)
orbit (noun, verb) feminine (adj) combat (verb)
solar system (noun) marital status (uncount) entitle (verb)
arid (adj) maternal (adj) entitlement (noun)
P h ysical g eo g rap hy biodiversity (uncount) maternity (adj) ethics (plural, uncount)
condense (verb) crater(noun) paternal (adj) ethical (adj)
condensation (uncount) ecosystem (noun) peer(noun) feminism (uncount)
cyclone (noun) fauna (noun) ritual (noun) feminist (noun, adj)
evaporate (verb) flora (uncount) upbringing (uncount) humanitarian (adj, noun)
evaporation (uncount) glacier(noun) refugee (noun)
hurricane(noun) marine (adj) Pop ulation secular (adj)
meteorology (uncount) porous (adj) census(noun) secularized (adj)
monsoon (noun) sum m it (noun) civilian (noun, adj) sexism (uncount)
temperate (adj) volcano (noun) demography (uncount) unethical (adj)
tide (noun) volcanic (adj) demographic (adj, plural, noun)
tidal (adj) indigenous (adj)
typhoon (noun) migrate (verb) Politics
V_____________ y
migration (noun)
opinion poll (noun) G o v e rn m en t
overpopulation (uncount) ally (noun)
per capita (adj.adv) autonomy (uncount)
autonomous (adj)
Social d ifference Cabinet(noun)
deprived (adj) colony (noun)
elite (noun) colonial (adj)
elitist (adj) colonialism (uncount)
elitism (uncount) colonialist (adj, noun)
inequality (noun) colonize (verb)
material (adj) Congress (noun)
materially (adv) congressional (adj)
multicultural (adj) constitution (noun)
multiculturalism (uncount) constitutional (adj)
privilege (noun, uncount) counterpart (noun)
privileged (adj, plural) coup (noun)
prosperous (adj) dictator(noun)
prosperity (uncount) dictatorship (noun)
redistribute (verb) empire (noun)
redistribution (uncount) emperor (noun)
underprivileged (adj, plural) legislature (noun)
monarch (noun)
So cial issu e s monarchy (noun)
addict (noun) regime (noun)
addiction (noun) sovereign (adj)
addictive (adj)
- S O C IA L S C IE N C E S S O C IA L S C IE N C E S
Political a c tiv itie s
V
Business
_____________ /
W ork & b u sin e ss prosperous (adj)
administer(verb) collaborate (verb) prosperity (uncount)
combat (verb) B u sin e ss fin a n ce collaboration (noun) quarter (noun)
redistribute (verb) audit (verb, noun) collaborative (adj) quarterly (adj, adv)
redistribution (uncount) auditor(noun) commodity (noun) recession (noun)
suppress (verb) compensate (verb) copyright (noun) return(noun)
suppression (uncount) compensation (uncount) endorse (verb) revenue (uncount)
creditor (noun) monopoly (noun) share (noun)
P o litical beliefs deduct (verb) monopolize (verb)
advocate (verb, noun) deduction (noun, uncount) niche (noun, adj)
advocacy (noun) gross (adj, adv, verb) offset (verb)
V
Law J
civil rights (plural) levy (noun, verb) patent (noun, verb)
condemn (verb) liquidate (verb) abide by (phverb)
condemnation (noun) liquidation (noun) enforce (verb)
dogma (noun) net (adj, adv) blue-collar(adj) enforcement (uncount)
dogmatic (adj) quarter(noun) casual (adj) invoke (verb)
dogmatically (adv) quarterly (adj, adv) commission (verb, noun, uncount) jurisdiction (uncount)
dogmatism (uncount) quota (noun) counterpart (noun) lawsuit (noun)
fascism (uncount) reimburse (verb) perk (noun, ph verb) legislature (noun)
fascist (adj) reimbursement (noun) redundant (adj) legitimate (adj)
ideology(noun) return(noun) redundancy (noun) legitimacy (uncount)
ideological (adj) revenue (uncount) vocational (adj) legitimately (adv)
liberal (adj, noun) tariff(noun) w hite-collar (adj) litigate (verb)
liberty (noun) turnover (noun) prosecute (verb)
opinion poll (noun) prosecution (noun)
propaganda (uncount) B u sin e ss o rg a n izatio n s Economics prosecutor (noun)
rebel (noun) enterprise (noun) unanimous (adj)
rebellion (noun) entrepreneur (noun) audit (verb, noun) unanimously (adv)
terrorist (noun) entrepreneurial (adj) auditor (noun)
terrorism (uncount) entrepreneurship (uncount) boom (noun, verb) C rim in al la w
unanimous (adj) found (verb) commodity (noun) attorney(noun)
unanimously (adv) foundation (noun) creditor (noun) convict (verb)
founder (noun) deficit (noun) cross-examine (verb)
P o litics & th e law franchise (noun, verb) depress (verb) cross-examination (noun)
capital punishment (uncount) Incorporated (adj) depressed (adj) death penalty(noun)
comply (verb) merge (verb) depression (noun) deter (verb)
compliance (uncount) merger (noun) fiscal (adj) deterrent (noun)
protocol (noun) pharmaceutical (adj, plural) fiscally (adv) fraud (noun)
ratify (verb) restructure (verb) GDP(noun) fraudulent (adj)
ratification (uncount) restructuring (noun) gross (adj, adv. verb) imprison (verb)
sanction (verb, uncount, plural, rival (noun) levy (noun, verb) imprisonment (uncount)
noun) rivalry (noun) macroeconomics (uncount) perpetrate (verb)
summit(noun) share (noun) macroeconomic (adj) perpetrator (noun)
treaty(noun) stake (noun) microeconomics (uncount) plead (verb)
unrest (uncount) stakeholder (noun) microeconomic (adj) plea (noun)
veto (verb, noun) subsidiary (noun, adj) net (adj, adv) proceedings (plural)
takeover (noun) per capita (adj, adv) testify (verb)
testimony (noun)
- S O C IA L S C IE N C E S ARTS
f * *
In te rn a tio n a l & vocational (adj) A rt] Linguistics
co m m e rcial law workshop (noun)
clause (noun) aesthetic (adj, noun) analogy(noun)
comply (verb) A ca d e m ic su b je cts aesthetically (adv) analogous (adj)
compliance (uncount) anatomy (uncount, noun) aesthetics (uncount) clause (noun)
copyright (noun) anatomical (adj) depict (verb) coin (verb)
exempt (adj, verb) anatomically (adv) depiction (noun) connotation (noun)
exemption (noun) biochemistry (uncount) genre (noun) dialect (noun)
negligent (adj) biochemical (adj) icon (noun) discourse (uncount)
negligence (uncount) biochemist (noun) iconic (adj) figurative (adj)
ratify (verb) biotechnology (uncount) imagery (uncount) figuratively (adv)
ratification (uncount) biotechnologist (noun) invoke (verb) literal (adj)
sanction (verb, uncount, plural, genetics (uncount) portrait (noun) metaphor (noun)
noun) genetic (adj) sculpture (noun, uncount) metaphorical (adj)
statutory (adj) genetically (adv) sculptor (noun) metaphorically (adv)
treaty(noun) geneticist (noun) vivid (adj) monologue (noun)
uphold (verb) meteorology (uncount) vividly (adv) mother tongue (noun)
violate (verb) microbiology (uncount) nuance (noun)
violation (noun) microbiological (adj) ' * > orai(adi)
microbiologist (noun) Literature J orally (adv)
pathology (uncount) paraphrase (verb, noun)
Education ] pathologist (noun) biography(noun) rhetoric (uncount)
pharmacology (uncount) biographical (adj) rhetorical (adj)
curriculum (noun) pharmacological (adj) depict (verb) sign language (noun)
literate (adj) pharmacologist (noun) depiction (noun) transcript (noun)
literacy (uncount) physiotherapy (uncount) drama (noun) transcribe (verb)
scholar(noun) physiotherapist (noun) dramatist (noun) verbal (adj)
syllabus (noun) entitle (verb)
evoke (verb)
figurative (adj)
V
History J
'
figuratively (adv)
genre (noun) archive (noun)
imagery (uncount) archivist (noun)
literal (adj) artefact (noun)
manuscript (noun) carbon dating (uncount)
metaphor(noun) excavate (verb)
metaphorical (adj) excavation (noun)
metaphorically (adv) fossil (noun)
monologue (noun) manuscript (noun)
narrative (noun, uncount) Roman numeral (noun)
narrate (verb)
narrator (noun) colony (noun)
theme (noun) colonial (adj)
thematic (adj) colonialism (uncount)
thematically (adv) colonialist (adj, noun)
colonize (verb)
- M U L T I-D IS C IP L IN E
empire (noun) forerunner(noun) Actions & processes] prolong (verb)
emperor (noun) heritage (noun) thrive (verb)
monarch (noun) medieval (adj) activate (verb) withstand (verb)
monarchy (noun) Middle Ages (plural) activation (uncount)
ritual (noun) milestone (noun) proceed (verb) assist (verb)
millennium (noun) assistance (uncount)
advent (uncount) predate (verb) employ (verb) devote (verb)
ancestor(noun) primitive (adj) expend (verb) devotion (uncount)
ancestry (noun) Renaissance (noun) facilitate (verb)
chronological (adj) administer(verb) guidance (uncount)
chronologically (adv) disperse (verb) optimize (verb)
dispersal (uncount)
displace (verb) arrest (verb)
displacement (uncount) combat (verb)
execute (verb) curb (verb, noun)
execution (uncount) defer (verb)
fulfil (verb) erase (verb)
fulfilment (uncount) exhaust (verb, uncount)
imitate (verb) resolve (verb)
imitation (noun) resolution (noun)
inflate (verb) stem (verb)
interact (verb) suspend (verb)
interaction (noun) suspension (uncount)
interactive (adj) terminate (verb)
opt (verb) termination (uncount)
reinforce (verb)
reinforcement (uncount) aggravate (verb)
replicate (verb) counter (verb)
strive (verb) counteract (verb)
deduct (verb)
accumulate (verb) deduction (noun, uncount)
accumulation (noun) exacerbate (verb)
attain (verb) interfere (verb)
attainment (noun) interference (uncount)
compile (verb) neglect (verb, uncount)
compilation (noun) obstruct (verb)
secure (verb) obstruction (noun)
unify (verb) omit (verb)
unification (uncount) omission (noun, uncount)
precaution (noun)
endure (verb) precautionary (adj)
exemplify (verb) resist (verb)
exhibit (verb) resistance (uncount)
flourish (verb) resistant (adj)
flourishing (adj) safeguard (verb, noun)
incorporate (verb) undermine (verb)
permeate (verb)
persist (verb)
- M U L T I-D IS C IP L IN E
abide by (ph verb) contract (verb) misinterpret (verb) endorse (verb)
assign (verb) contraction (noun) misinterpretation (noun)
comply (verb) deplete (verb) reassess (verb) assure (verb)
compliance (uncount) depletion (uncount) reassessment (noun) assurance (noun)
conform (verb) depress (verb) recall (verb, uncount) consent (uncount, verb)
constrain (verb) depressed (adj) consensus (noun)
constraint (noun) depression (noun) convince (verb)
enforce (verb) deteriorate (verb) Speech & reporting convincing (adj)
enforcement (uncount) deterioration (uncount) mediate (verb)
exert (verb) diminish (verb) clarify (verb) mediation (uncount)
grant (noun, verb) dwindle (verb) clarification (uncount) testify (verb)
incur(verb) eradicate (verb) clarity (uncount) testimony (noun)
inhibit (verb) eradication (uncount) convey (verb)
inhibition (uncount) erode (verb) denote (verb) compelling (adj)
intervene (verb) erosion (uncount) depict (verb) explicit (adj)
intervention (uncount) relax (verb) depiction (noun) explicitly (adv)
restrain (verb) relaxation (uncount) evoke (verb) figurative (adj)
restraint (noun) shrink (verb) explore (verb) figuratively (adv)
scrutinize (verb) tail off (ph verb) exploration (noun) implicit (adj)
scrutiny (uncount) extrapolate (verb) implicitly (adv)
dynamic (adj, noun, plural, uncount) redefine (verb) incoherent (adj)
S' "..I ” "
™ 's marked (adj) signify (verb) incoherently (adv)
v
Change J markedly (adv) specify (verb) incoherence (uncount)
status quo (noun) specification (noun) literal (adj)
acclimatize (verb) volatile (adj)
merge (verb) volatility (uncount) assert (verb)
restore (verb) assertion (noun) Compare & contrast
v____________________________ /
restoration (uncount) r ~\ contend (verb)
V
Mental processes J contention (noun) complement (verb)
amend (verb) point out (ph verb) complementary (adj)
amendment (noun) anticipate (verb) speculate (verb) converse (noun)
deviate (verb) in anticipation of (phrase) speculation (noun) conversely (adv)
deviation (noun) appreciate (verb) differentiate (verb)
distort (verb) appreciation (noun) pose (verb) differentiation (uncount)
distortion (noun) cognitive (adj) query (noun, verb) discrete (adj)
divert (verb) comprehend (verb) respond (verb) discriminate (verb)
manipulate (verb) comprehension (uncount) response (noun) discrimination (uncount)
manipulation (noun) conceive (verb) respondent (noun) diverse(adj)
refine (verb) conceivable (adj) diversity (uncount)
refinement (noun) conceivably (adv) acknowledge (verb) diversify'(verb)
transition (noun) envisage (verb) acknowledgement (noun, plural) diversification (noun)
transitional (adj) expertise (uncount) attribute (verb) mirror (verb)
formulate (verb) cite (verb) resemble (verb)
accelerate (verb) infer (verb) resemblance (noun)
acceleration (uncount) inference (noun, uncount) advocate (verb, noun) synonymous (adj)
boom (noun, verb) intuition (noun) condemn (verb) tally (verb)
enlarge (verb) intuitive (adj) condemnation (noun)
enlargement (uncount) intuitively (adv)
perk up (ph verb)
- M U L T I-D IS C IP L IN E
Cause & effect
v_________________________ J
foresee (verb) cross-section (noun) rigid (adj)
hindsight(uncount) particle (noun) rigidity (uncount)
account for (ph verb) in retrospect (phrase) trace (verb, ph verb, noun) rigidly (adv)
attribute (verb) retrospective (adj) texture(noun)
chain reaction (noun) retrospectively (adv) inherent (adj) uniform (adj)
coincide (verb) unforeseen (adj) inherently (adv) uniformly (adv)
coincidence (noun) unprecedented (adj) integral (adj) uniformity (uncount)
coincidental (adj) interconnect (verb)
derive (verb) indefinite (adj) interconnection (noun)
derivative (noun) indefinitely (adv) interdependent (adj) Size & amount V
V_____________________
incentive (noun) inexorable (adj) interdependence (uncount)
induce (verb) inexorably (adv) intrinsic (adj) abundant (adj)
initiate (verb) interim (adj) intrinsically (adv) abundantly (adv)
initiation (uncount) monotonous (adj) appreciable (adj)
initiative (noun) monotonously (adv) hierarchy (noun) appreciably (adv)
interconnect (verb) monotony (uncount) hierarchical (adj) bulk (quant, pron)
interconnection (noun) quarter(noun) interface (noun, verb) dense (adj)
interdependent(adj) quarterly (adj, adv) restructure (verb) density (noun)
interdependence (uncount) span (noun) restructuring (noun)
interrelate (verb) term (noun) marginal (adj)
motive (noun) time-consuming (adj) domain (noun) marginally (adv)
negate (verb) entity (noun) negligible (adj)
negation (noun) advent (uncount) medium (noun) scarce (adj)
pinpoint (verb) landmark (noun) mode (noun)
product (noun) sphere (noun) enlarge (verb)
prompt (verb) coincide (verb) theme (noun) enlargement (uncount)
provoke (verb) coincidence (noun) thematic (adj) maximize (verb)
rationale (noun) coincidental (adj) thematically (adv) maximization (uncount)
repercussion (noun) concurrent (adj) minimize (verb)
stem (verb) concurrently (adv)
whereby (pron) Shape & position aggregate (adj, noun)
consecutive (adj) dual (adj)
consecutively (adv) ellipse (noun)
Time penultimate (adj) elliptical (adj) account for (ph verb)
successive (adj) hexagon (noun) gauge (verb, noun)
defer (verb) hexagonal (adj) magnitude (uncount)
endure (verb) incidence (noun) pentagon (noun) margin (noun)
enduring (adj) intermittent (adj) pyramid (noun) mean (noun)
imminent (adj) intermittently (adv) three-dimensional (adj) median (adj)
prolong (verb) periodic (adj) two-dimensional (adj) per capita (adj, adv)
prolonged (adj) periodical (adj, noun) proportional (adj)
thereafter (adv) periodically (adv) adjacent (adj) proportionally (adv)
axis (noun) quantity (noun)
forerunner(noun) confined (adj) quantitative (adj)
precede (verb) Structures
v___________________ J
cross-section (noun) quantitatively (adv)
precedent (noun) intersect (verb) quota (noun)
precedence (uncount) attribute (verb) intersection (noun) surpass (verb)
predate (verb) constituent (noun, adj) proximity(uncount) threshold (noun)
u nderesti mate (verb)
- Opinion, uncertainty Importance & degree integrity (uncount) inequality(noun)
& probability _______ legitimate (adj) insufficient (adj)
acute (adj) legitimacy (uncount) insufficiency (uncount)
assertion (noun) chronic (adj) legitimately (adv) insufficiently (adv)
conjecture (noun) chronically (adv) optimum (adj) irreparable (adj)
contention (noun) core (noun) rigorous (adj) irreparably (adv)
dogma (noun) crucial (adj) rigorously (adv) monotonous (adj)
dogmatic (adj) crucially (adv) state-of-the-art (adj) monotonously (adv)
dogmatically (adv) intense (adj) succinct (adj) monotony (uncount)
dogmatism (uncount) intensity (noun) succintly (adv) needless (adj)
orthodox (adj) intensify (verb) needlessly (adv)
pragmatic (adj) intensification (uncount) negligent(adj)
pragmatically (adv) marked (adj) Negative qualities negligence (uncount)
pragmatism (uncount) markedly (adv) obstacle (noun)
speculation (noun) pervasive (adj) abnormal (adj) obstruction (noun)
stance (noun) pivotal (adj) abnormally (adv) prone (adj, comb)
predominant (adj) adverse (adj) shortcoming (noun)
arbitrary (adj) predominantly (adv) adversely (adv) underprivileged (adj, plural)
arbitrarily (adv) pressing (adj) catastrophic (adj) unethical (adj)
compulsory (adj) profound (adj) catastrophically (adv) unpredictable (adj)
compulsorily (adv) profoundly (adv) deficient (adj, comb) volatile (adj)
discretion (uncount) prominent (adj) deficiency (noun) volatility (uncount)
discretionary (adj) prominently (adv) deprived (adj)
prominence (uncount) flaw (noun)
apparent (adj) pronounced (adj) flawed (adj) Linking words
caution (uncount) rigorous (adj) fraudulent(adj)
cautious (adj) rigorously (adv) hostile (adj) aforementioned (adj)
cautiously (adv) seminal (adj) illogical (adj) nonetheless (adv)
notional (adj) striking (adj) incoherent (adj) notwithstanding (prep, adv)
notionally(adv) incoherently (adv) regardless of (phrase)
prone (adj, comb) negligible (adj) incoherence (uncount) thereafter (adv)
provisional (adj) subordinate (adj) incompatible (adj) thereby (adv)
provisionally (adv) incompatibility (uncount) whereby (pron)
reportedly (adv)
sceptic (noun) Positive qualities
_____________________________ y
sceptical (adj)
scepticism (uncount) authentic (adj)
so-called (adj) authenticity (uncount)
tentative (adj) coherent (adj)
tentatively (adv) coherence (uncount)
compatible (adj)
credible (adj) compatibility (uncount)
viable (adj) compelling (adj)
viability (uncount) constructive (adj)
credible (adj)
groundbreaking (adj)
- A C A D E M IC S T U D Y A C A D E M IC W O R D L IS T
Research methods
v__________________________ y
deduce (verb) abnormal (adj) compatibility (uncount)
deduction (noun, uncount) abnormally (adv) compensate (verb)
apparatus (uncount) deductive (adj) abstract (noun) compensation (uncount)
fieldwork (uncount) definitive (adj) accumulate (verb) compile (verb)
in the field (phrase) definitively (adv) accumulation (noun) compilation (noun)
Petri dish (noun) inconclusive (adj) acknowledge (verb) complement (verb)
prototype(noun) tentative (adj) acknowledgement (noun, plural) complementary (adj)
test tube (noun) tentatively (adv) adjacent (adj) compound (noun)
advocate (verb, noun) conceive (verb)
catalogue (verb) advocacy (noun) conceivable (adj)
chronological (adj) Texts aggregate (adj, noun) conceivably (adv)
chronologically (adv) amend (verb) conclusive (adj)
collaborate (verb) abstract (noun) amendment (noun) conclusively (adv)
collaboration (noun) bibliography(noun) analogy(noun) concurrent (adj)
collaborative (adj) commentary (noun, uncount) analogous (adj) concurrently (adv)
collate (verb) footnote (noun) anticipate (verb) confined (adj)
collation (uncount) paper (noun) in anticipation of (phrase) conform (verb)
correlate (verb) periodical (adj, noun) apparent (adj) consent (uncount, verb)
correlation (noun) precis (noun) appreciable (adj) consensus (noun)
cross-section (noun) appreciably (adv) constitution (noun)
document (verb) appreciate (verb) constitutional (adj)
empirical (adj) Reporting from appreciation (noun) constrain (verb)
empirically (adv) sources__________ arbitrary (adj) constraint (noun)
hypothesis (noun) arbitrarily (adv) contract (verb)
hypothesize (verb) acknowledge (verb) assign (verb) contraction (noun)
paradigm (noun) acknowledgement (noun, plural) assist (verb) converse (noun)
parameter(noun) cite (verb) assistance (uncount) conversely (adv)
peer review (uncount) paraphrase (verb, noun) assure (verb) convince (verb)
pilot study (noun) plagiarism (uncount) assurance (noun) convincing (adj)
qualitative (adj) plagiarize (verb) attain (verb) core (noun)
qualitatively (adv) attainment (noun) coup (noun)
quantitative (adj) attribute (verb) crucial (adj)
quantitatively (adv) Writing conventions automate (verb) crucially (adv)
rationale (noun) automation (uncount) crystal (noun)
schematic (adj) asterisk (noun) bulk (quant, pron) deduce (verb)
theorem (noun) cf. cite (verb) deduction (noun, uncount)
transcript (noun) etal. clarify (verb) deductive (adj)
transcribe (verb) ibid(conv) clarification (uncount) definitive (adj)
NB clarity (uncount) definitively (adv)
conclusive (adj) Roman numeral (noun) clause (noun) denote (verb)
conclusively (adv) coherent (adj) depress (verb)
coherence (uncount) depressed (adj)
coincide (verb) depression (noun)
coincidence (noun) derive (verb)
coincidental (adj) derivative (noun)
commentary (noun, uncount) deviate (verb)
commission (verb, noun, uncount) deviation (noun)
commodity (noun) devote (verb)
compatible (adj) devotion (uncount)
- A C A D E M IC W O R D L IS T A C A D E M IC W O R D L IS T
differentiate (verb) implicit (adj) migrate (verb) regime (noun)
differentiation (uncount) implicitly (adv) migration (noun) reinforce (verb)
diminish (verb) incentive (noun) minimize (verb) reinforcement (uncount)
discrete (adj) incident(noun) misinterpret (verb) relax (verb)
discretion (uncount) incidence (noun) misinterpretation (noun) relaxation (uncount)
discretionary (adj) inclined (adj) mode (noun) resolve (verb)
discriminate (verb) inclination (noun) motion (uncount) resolution (noun)
discrimination (uncount) incompatible (adj) motive (noun) respond (verb)
displace (verb) incompatibility (uncount) nonetheless (adv) response (noun)
displacement (uncount) inconclusive (adj) notwithstanding (prep, adv) respondent (noun)
distort (verb) incorporate (verb) offset (verb) restore (verb)
distortion (noun) Incorporated (adj) orient (verb) restoration (uncount)
diverse(adj) indefinite (adj) oriented (adj) restrain (verb)
diversity (uncount) indefinitely (adv) restraint (noun)
orientation (noun)
diversify (verb) induce (verb) restructure (verb)
paradigm (noun)
diversification (noun) inherent (adj) restructuring (noun)
parameter(noun)
document (verb) inherently (adv) revenue (uncount)
passive (adj)
domain (noun) inhibit (verb) rigid (adj)
inhibition (uncount) periodic (adj)
drama (noun) periodical (adj, noun) rigidity (uncount)
dramatist (noun) initiate (verb) rigidly (adv)
initiation (uncount) periodically (adv)
dynamic (adj, noun, plural, uncount) persist (verb) scenario (noun)
empirical (adj) initiative (noun) schematic (adj)
insufficient (adj) persistent (adj)
empirically (adv) persistently (adv) secure (verb)
insufficiency (uncount) signify(verb)
enforce (verb) pose (verb)
insufficiently (adv) so-called (adj)
enforcement (uncount) practitioner(noun)
integral (adj) sole (adj)
entity (noun) precede (verb)
integrity (uncount) solely (adv)
erode (verb) precedent (noun)
intense (adj) specify (verb)
erosion (uncount) intensity (noun) precedence (uncount)
ethic (plural, uncount) specification (noun)
intensify (verb) predominant (adj) sphere (noun)
ethical (adj) intensification (uncount) predominantly (adv)
exhibit (verb) subordinate (adj)
intervene (verb) proceed (verb) subsidiary (noun, adj)
explicit (adj) intervention (uncount) proceeding(noun)
explicitly (adv) successive (adj)
intrinsic (adj) proportional (adj) suspend (verb)
extract (verb) intrinsically (adv) proportionally (adv)
extraction (uncount) suspension (uncount)
invoke (verb) protocol (noun) terminal (adj, noun)
facilitate (verb) legislature (noun) quality (uncount) terminate (verb)
found (verb) levy (noun, verb) qualitative (adj) termination (uncount)
foundation (noun) liberal (adj, noun) qualitatively (adv) theme (noun)
founder (noun) manipulate (verb) quantity (noun) thematic (adj)
grant (noun, verb) manipulation (noun) quantitative (adj) thematically (adv)
hierarchy (noun) margin (noun) quantitatively (adv) thereby (adv)
hierarchical (adj) marginal (adj) reassess (verb) trace (verb, ph verb, noun)
hypothesis (noun) marginally (adv) reassessment (noun) transition (noun)
hypothesize (verb) maximize (verb) redefine (verb) transitional (adj)
ideology (noun) maximization (uncount) redistribute (verb) transm it (verb)
ideological (adj) mediate (verb) redistribution (uncount) transmission (uncount)
illogical (adj) mediation (uncount) refine (verb) underestimate (verb)
imagery (uncount) medium (noun) refinement (noun) unethical (adj)
- A C A D E M IC W O R D L IS T
uniform (adj)
uniformly (adv)
uniformity (uncount)
unify (verb)
unification (uncount)
unpredictable (adj)
unspecified (adj)
utility (uncount)
violate (verb)
violation (noun)
whereby (pron)
Key to gram m atical labels used in word lists
adj adjective
adv adverb
comb combining form
noun noun
phrase phrase
ph verb phrasal verb
plural plural noun
prep preposition
pron pronoun
quant quantifier
uncount uncountable noun
verb verb
- a b id 6 b y /a'baid b a i/ (abides by, abiding by, abided by) Q S9
ph rasal v er b Ifyou abide by a law, agreement, or decision, you do what
it says you should do. o a warning to employees to improve performance levels
and abide by organizational rules o making sure that people abide by the law
see note at comply
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
abide by a rule/law/restriction
abide by a ceasefire/agreement
► s y n o n y m s : observe, obey, adhere to
► a n t o n y m : disobey
ab|nor|mal /aeb'noimal/ A C A D E M IC W O R D
Someone or something that is abnormal is unusual, especially
a d je c t iv e
in a waythat is worrying, [ f o r m a l ] o abnormal heart rhythms and high
anxiety levels o a child with an abnormal fear of strangers o Nothing abnormal
was detected.
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
abnormal bleeding/cells/behaviour
an abnormal heartbeat/rhythm/smear/mammogram
►s y n o n ym s: aberrant, deviant, irregular, unusual
►a n t o n y m : normal
ab|nor|mal|ly /aeb'noimali/
ad verb o abnormally high levels ofglucose o This stops the cells from growing
abnormally.
►c o l l o c a t io n s :
abnormally high/low/large/thin
grow/behave/develop abnormally
►s y n o n y m : unusually
►a n t o n y m : normally
abstract /aeb straek t/ (abstracts) A C A D E M IC W O R D G2EEBQIE2SD Y
A C A D E M IC S T U
noun An abstract of an article, document, or speech is a short piece of
- abundant | 36 37 I acclimatize
writing that gives the main points of it. o [+ of] Many scientists only have ► c o l l o c a t io n s :
enough time to read the abstracts of papers, o [+ of] Some indexes also have grow/flower abundantly
abstracts or summaries of articles. abundantly documented/illustrated/demonstrated
► c o l l o c a t io n s : ►s y n o n y m : plentifully
an abstract of something ►a n t o n y m : sparsely
an abstract of a paper/article
read/write/review/submit an abstract ac|cel|er|ate /sek'selareit/ (accelerates, accelerating,accelerated)
► s y n o n y m s : summary, precis
1 If the process or rate of something accelerates or if something
v e rb
accelerates it, it gets faster and faster, o [+ to] Growth will accelerate to
a c a d e m ic w r it in g : Academic summaries
2.9 percent next year, o The government is to accelerate its privatisation
A summary is a general word for a short piece of writing or a spoken programme.
account that gives the main points of something longer. You can talk
2 v e r b When a moving vehicle accelerates, it goes faster and faster.
about a summary in lots of different contexts, o Each manager receives
o Traffic calming often created extra noise as motorists accelerated and braked
a summary of this information, o This article provides a brief summary of
around traffic islands, o [+ to] A police video showed the patrol car accelerating
some of the main evidence available.
to ns mph.
Precis is a more formal word for a short piece of writing or a spoken ►c o l l o c a t io n s :
accountgiving only the main points of a longertext. o George gives a accelerate to x
succinct oral precis of Fernando Joao's novel. accelerate pace/growth
An abstract is a summary of an academic paperthat appears at the accelerate a process/trend/timetable
beginning of the paper so that readers can see the main points and accelerate smoothly/gradually/rapidly/sharply
decide whether to read the full text. It can also be a written summary a car/driver accelerates
of an academic presentation, for example, at a conference. An inflation/growth/decline accelerates
abstract usually has a set structure and length, o We reviewed all ► s y n o n y m : hasten
abstracts and selected relevant, research-based articles. ► a n t o n y m : decelerate
v_
ac|cel|era|tion /ajk,sela'reijan/
abun dant /a'bAndant/ u n co u n ta ble n o un o [+ of] He has also called for an acceleration of political
reforms, o [+ in] the sharp acceleration in job losses o Acceleration to 60 mph
Something that is abundant is present in large quantities,
a d j e c t iv e
takes a mere 5.7 seconds, o The flexible engine provides smooth acceleration at
o There is an abundant supply of cheap labour, o Birds are abundant in the tall
low speeds.
vegetation, o Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe.
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
acceleration of/in something
abundant wildlife/evidence/resources
acceleration of growth/change/cuts
an abundant supply/element
quick/rapid/sudden acceleration
► s y n o n y m : plentiful provide/show acceleration
► a n t o n y m : sparse
► a n t o n y m : deceleration
abun|dant|ly / a ' b A n d a n t li/
ad verb o a plant that grows abundantly in the United States o All the pages are ac|di|ma|tize /a'klaim ataiz/ (acclim atizes, acclimatizing, acclimatized)
abundantly illustrated with colour photographs. ve rb When you acclimatize or are acclimatized to a new situation,
place, orclimate, you become used to it. [ f o r m a l ; in b r i t , also use
- account for | 38 39 | acknowledge
acclimatise] o [+ to] Childhood eczema is caused by the body becoming body until toxic levels are reached.
acclimatized to the type of diet that we now eat. o soldiers struggling to ►c o l l o c a t io n s :
acclimatize themselves o if you are changing altitudes rapidly, allow time to accumulate in something
acclimatize. accumulate in the body/lungs/brain/atmosphere
► c o l l o c a t i o n : acclimatize to something accu mu late wealth/debt/wisdom/knowledge
► s y n o n y m s : adapt, adjust accumulated losses
an accumulated deficit
evidence/fluids/toxins accumulate
a c | C O U IIt f o r /a'kauntfa, stro ng ,fo:/
► s y n o n y m s : gather, amass
(accounts for, accounting for, accounted for)
1 ph rasal v er b If a particularthing accountsfora part or proportion of a c | C U | IT I U | l a | t i o n /a.kjuimju'leifan/ (accumulations)
something, that part or proportion consists of that thing, or is used or noun o [+ of] technological advance and the accumulation of scientific knowledge
produced by it. o Computers account for 5% of the country's commercial o [+ of] an accumulation of fluid in the lungs o No economy can sustain such a
electricity consumption, o Pension funds currently account for around a third colossal rate of capital accumulation.
of all equity investment in Britain.
► c o l l o c a t io n s :
►c o l l o c a t io n s :
the accumulation of something
account for an amount of something
the accumulation of wealth/capital/fluid/knowledge
account for x per cent of something cause/prevent/increase/reduce accumulation
account for a portion/proportion of something
► s y n o n y m : increase
account for a third/quarter of something
► a n t o n y m s : reduction, decrease
account for the majority/bulk of something
account for half/two-thirds of something
currently/collectively account for something a c| k n o w l|e d g e / a s k 'n c i^ / A C A D E M IC S T U D Y I A C A D E M IC W O R D
(acknowledges, acknowledging, acknowledged)
2 ph rasal v er b If something accountsfora particularfact or situation,
it causes or explains it. o The blood pressure in veins is less than in arteries, 1 ve rb Ifyouacknowledgeafactorasituation, you accept or admitthat
and this accounts for the differences in their structures. it is true or that it exists, [ f o r m a l ] o[+t/iat] It is widely acknowledged that
► c o l l o c a t i o n : account for a discrepancy/disparity/difference transferring knowledge in a classroom environment is very inefficient.
► s y n o n y m : explain o Belatedly, the government has acknowledged the problem, o There is an
acknowledged risk of lung cancer from radon.
3 ph rasal v er b If you can accountfor something, you can explain it or
give the necessary information about it. o How do you account for the 2 v e r b If someone’s achievements, status, or qualities are
company's alarmingly high staff turnover? o Public money has to be properly acknowledged, they are known about and recognized by a lot of people,
accounted for. or by a particular group of people, o [+ as] Davies is now widely acknowledged
as one of the world's leading virtual reality artists, o Some of the clergy refused to
► c o l l o c a t i o n : properly account for something
acknowledge the new king's legitimacy.
► s y n o n y m : explain
►c o l l o c a t io n s :
acknowledge someone as something
a c | c u | m u | l a t e /a 'k ju im ju le it/ acknowledge the existence/importance of something
(accumulates, accumulating, accumulated) acknowledge the need for something
verb When you accumulate things or when they accumulate, they acknowledge difficulties
collect or are gathered over a period of time, o Households accumulate acknowledge a fact/contribution/mistake/debt/risk
wealth across a broad spectrum of assets, o [+ in] Lead can accumulate in the publicly/readily acknowledge
nguon tai.lieu . vn
