Đề cương ôn thi vào lớp 10 chuyên Anh

«n tËp tiÕng anh 9 A­ THEORY THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE 1-Form a. Affirmative: I, you, we, they + have + PP / He, she, it + has +PP Note: PP = past participle (quá khứ phân từ) ( =V-ed: V có quy tắc, =V3: V bất quy tắc) b. Negative: I, you, we, the + have not (haven’t) + PP / He, she, it + has not ( hasn’t) + PP c. Interrogative: Have + I, you, we, they + P.P .... ? / Has + he, she, it + P.P .... ? 2-Use a. Một hành động bắt đầu trong quá khứ nhưng còn tiếp tục đến hiện tại hoặc tương lai. Thường đi với: since (từ khi); for (được bao lâu). Ex1: She has lived here since 1987 Ex2: They have swum for 1 hour b. Một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ, không xác định rõ thơi gian. Thường đi với: already, ever... ( before), never... (before), not, yet, several times, many times... Ex1: She’s been to Japan several times. Ex2: I have never worked in that company before. c. Một hành động vừa mới xảy ra. Thường đi với: lately, just, recently, in recent weeks/ months / years .... Ex1: My uncle has just come back form Americ Ex2: They have done the assignment in recent weeks. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE 1-Form a. Affirmative S + V-ed/ V2 (V có quy tắc: V+ “ed”;V bất quy tắc; lấy cột thứ 2 trong bảng động từ bất quy tắc) b. Negative S + did not (didn’t) + bare-infinitive c. Interrogative. Did + S + bare-infinitive .... ? Note: The simple past form of ‘to be’ * Affirmative: You, we, they + were ; / I, he, she, it + was * Negative You, we, they + were not (weren’t )/ I, he, she, it + was not (wasn’t) * Interrogative Were + you, we, they .... ? / Was + he, she, it..... ? 2-Use a. Một hành động đã hoàn tất tại một thời điểm nào đó trong quá khứ. Thường đi với: yesterday, last... ( last week, last year....), ....... ago (3 days ago, .... ), in 1999, in 1987.... Ex1: She was here yesterday. Ex2: They didn’t learn Chinese 3 year ago. b. Một thói quen ở quá khứ. Ex1: They often went fishing when they lived in the country. Ex2: Jack always got up at 3:00 am last year. c. Một hành động đã hoàn tất trong một khoảng thời gian xác định trong quá khứ ( from ... to......) Ex: From 1981 to 1983, my older brother worked as a journalist PASSIVE VOICE 1- Active into Passive rule: Active: S + V + O Passive: S +to be + PP +(by +O) §éng tõ chÝnh cña c©uchñ ®éngë th× nµo th× tobe ph¶i chia ë th× ®ã Note: - Động từ ở câu chủ động ở thì (tense) hay thể (form) nào thì “be” ở câu bị động ở thì hay thể đó. - Khi ta không xem người thực hiện hành động (does) là quan trọng, thì “ by object” có thể bỏ đi. ( eg. S = personal pronoun: he, she, they, we, .... people; no-one.. ) a.The simple present She cleans the floor everyday. ( S + V / Vs / es... ) Passive: The floor is cleaned everyday. (S + am/is/are/ +PP...) b.The present continous. Mr.Baker is repairing the car Passive: the car is being repaired by Mr Baker. ( S + am/ is/ are + being + PP...) c.The present perfect Someone has stolen the bicycles ( S+ has/have + P.P...) Passive: The bicycles have been stolen ( S+ has/have + been + PP...) d.The simple past Where did they find the drugs ? ( S + V2/ V-ed) Passive: where were the drugs found ? ( S+ was/ were + PP.....) e.The past continuous They were preparing luch when I came there yesterday (S+was/were + V-ing .... ) Passive: Luch was being prepared when I came there yesterday.( S+ was/ were + being + PP.....) f. The past perfect She had written almost ten pages by 3:00 pm. ( S+ had + PP...) Passive: Almost ten pages had been written by 3:00 p.m (S+ had been + PP.....) g. Will/ would, shall/ should, can/ could, may/might must, have to, be going to, used to, ........ Active: S+ will/would, shall/ should... + bare-infinitive + object Passive: S + will/would, shall/shoul.... + be + past participle (+ by object). Ex: Police will destroy these drugs. Passive: the drugs will be destroyed by police. 2-Special cases a. Active: s1+ verb1( say/believe/think....) (that) +S2+verb2... Passive: Cách 1: It + be + PP (verb1) + s2 + verb2 .... Cách 2: S2+ be+ PP (verb1) + to- infinitive (verb2)... Ex: People say that he is crazy. Passive: It said that he is crazy He is said to be crazy. b. Negatives Ex1: No-one has cleaned the floor lately. Passive: The floor hasn’t been cleaned lately Ex2: We didn’t do anything about it. Passive: Nothing was done about it. c. Who + V + object ...... ? Passive: - By whom..... ? - Who...... by ? Ex: Who wrote this novel ? Passive: - By whom was this novel written ? - Who was this novel written by ? d. It + be + adjective + to-infinitive + sth Passive: It + be + adjective + for sth + to be + PP Ex: It is important to finish this exercise. It is important for this exercise to be finished e. Bare-infinitive + object Passive: Let + object + be + PP S + be + allowed / advised/asked/ supposed/ .... + to infinitive Ex1: Please open the door -> Let the door be opened Ex2: Turn on the light -> You are supposed to turn on the light. f. Causative form ( thức mệnh lệnh) Active: - She + have + sb+ bare-infinitive + st. / - S + get + sb + to- infinitive + sth Passive: - S + have + sth + PP. / - S + get + sth + PP Ex1: She has had someone repaint the car./ She has had the car repainted Ex2: They got me to do the housework./ They got the housework done. RELATIVE CLAUSE Mệnh đề quan hệ/ mệnh đề tính từ là mệnh đề phụ trong câu (không thể đứng riêng một mình). Nó bắt đầu bằng: a. relative pronouns (đại từ quan hệ) : WHO, WHOM, WHICH, WHOSE, THAT. b relative adverbs (trạng từ liên hệ) : WHERE, WHEN, WHY. Ex1: A man who dares to do it dares to do anything. Ex2: We talked to the man who was from Beijing. 1-WHO * Thay cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ người, có chức năng của một chủ từ/ tân ngữ. Ex1: The man has met your boss.He come from Italy. subject → The man who comes from Italy has met your boss relative clause Ex2: We have met the girl. She studies in the shool. → We have met the girl who studies in the school. relative clause 2-WHOM * Thay cho danh từ/ đại từ chỉ người, có chức năng của một tân ngữ. Ex1: We like the man. You talked to him yesterday. object We like the man whom you talked to yesterday relative clause Ex2: Is that the man ?. You have been waiting for him. object Is that the man whom you have been waiting for ? relative clause 3-WHOSE * Thay thế cho sở hữu cách (possessive cases) * Xuất hiện trong hai cấu trúc. - .... noun/ pronoun + whose + noun + verb - ..... noun/ pronoun whose + noun + subject + verb Ex1: The girl looks disappoited. Her examination result its so bad. The girl whose examination result is so bad looks disappointed. Ex2: That is the girl. I took her hat by mistake yesterday. That is the girl whose hat I took by mistake yesterday. 4-WHICH * Thay thế cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ vật / sự vật/ sự việc. * Có thể làm chủ từ hoặc tân ngữ. Ex1: She show me the table. It was made by her father. She shows me the table which was made by her father. Ex2: Do you like this car ? Mr. Tan bought it last month. Do you like this car, which Mr.Tan bought last month ? Note: “Which” có thể được sử dụng để thay thế cho một mệnh đề đứng trước nó (= and this/ and that) Ex: Tom is so lazy, and this makes Mrs. Green worried. Tom is so lazy, which makes Mrs. Green worried. 5-WHERE * Thay cho trạng từ, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn (place) (eg.here, there, in that place.... ) * Thường xuất hiện trong cấu trúc: ...... noun/ pronoun ( = a place) + where + subject + verb ...... Ex: We visit the hospital. We were born there/in that hospital We visit the hospital where we were born. 6-WHEN * Thay cho trạng từ, cum từ chỉ thời gian (time) (on that day, in the year...) * Thường xuất hiện trong cấu trúc : ...... noun / pronoun (= time ) + when + subject + verb ...... Ex: She will never forget the day. She first met him on that day She will never forget the day when she first met him CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1-Điều kiện có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai (Điều kiện loại I) If clause : simple present, Main clause : will/shall/can/may + bare-infinitive Ex1: If it rain, we won’t go for a picnic Ex2: Our natural resources will disappear if we do not conserve them Notes: - Ta có thể sử dụng mệnh lệnh ở mệnh đề chính. Ex: If you drink, don’t drive - Ta có thể sử dụng “should” ở mệnh đề điều kiện để tỏ ý nghi ngờ. Ex: If he should call, tell him I will ring back. - Dạng rút gọn ở mệnh đề điều kiện (if possible, if necessary, if so................) Ex: If necessary, I will help you. -Ta có thể sử dụng dạng mệnh lệnh để thay cho mệnh đề chỉ điều kiện. Trong trường hợp này, giữa hai mệnh đề thường có các liên từ như sau: and, or, else, otherwise. 2-Điều kiện không xảy ra ở hiện tại (ĐK II) (present unreal condition ) Main clause: would/could/might + bare-infinitive, If clause: simple past Ex1: If she had wings, she would fly to an island Ex2: He would build more houses if he were a king. Note: - ‘If I were you/I were in your position.................’được sử dụng để khuyên nhủ. Ex: If I were you, I would accept the invitation ( = You should accept the invitation ). GERUND The gerund is used as a subject, a complement, an object of a verb or an object of a preposition (danh động từ được sử dụng như một chủ ngữ, bổ túc từ, túc từ của một động từ, hay túc từ của một giới từ)..... Ex1: Seeing is believing ( S= gerund) Ex2: Her hobby is listening to music ( complement = gerund) Ex3: They have finished doing exercises ( object = gerund) Ex4: We are font of playing football (Object of an preposition = gerund) Note: Danh động từ theo sau các động từ như: to enjoy, to mind, to avoid, to finish, to practise, to suggest, to postpone, to delay, to imagine, can’t help/stand... Lưu ý cách sử dụng của các động từ : • Forget + to-infinitive : quên (sẽ/ phải) làm gì Forget + ing : quên đã làm việc gì. Ex1: She forgets being taken to the zoo by her father when she was six Ex2: Don’t forget to shut the door before leaving. • Remember + to-infinitive : nhớ ( sẽ/ phải) làm gì; Remember + V-ing : nhớ đã làm gì Ex1: They always remember going to cinema together. Ex2: They remember to have a test on Wendnesday. • Stop + to-infinitive : dừng ( một việc) lại để làm gì; Stop + V- ing : dừng làm một việc gì. Ex1: This moring , I saw Mr.Pike in the street, so I stopped to greet him Ex2: The teacher asked us to stop talking • Need + to- infinitive: cần làm gì ( active); Need + V-ing: cần được ( passive) Ex1: We need to repair the car. Ex2: The car needs repairing. - Lưu ý cấu trúc: S + spend + time + V-ing .... = It + take + s.b + time + to-inf CLAUSE OF REASON +Mệnh đề chỉ lý do là mệnh đề phụ bắt đầu bằng các liên từ chỉ lý do như BECAUSE, AS, SINCE. Ba chữ này đều có nghĩa vì, bởi vì nhưng cách dùng khác nhau. Ví dụ: a) Because - Because he was sleepy, he went to bed. – He went to bed because he was sleepy. Mệnh đề phụ có chữ because có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính. Tuy nhiên phải chú ý nếu mệnh đề phụ đi trước phải có dấu phảy (,) ngăn cách nó với mênh đề chính b) As - As she was free, she came to see me. Vì cô ấy rảnh rỗi, cô ấy đến thăm tôi. c) Since - Since he doesn’t like music, he never goes to the concert Vì anh ấy không thích nhạc, anh ấy không bao giờ đi xem hoà nhạc. Mệnh đề since và as luôn đứng trước mệnh đề chính. b) So/ As Long As - As long as ( So long as) you’re not busy. Can you help me ? Vì bạn không bận rộn, bạn có thể giúp tôi ? + Ngoài các liên từ phụ thuộc ( Subordinating Conjuctions) như Because, Since, As, As long as, ... chúng ta còn một liên từ kết hợp ( Co-ordinating conjuctions) FOR chỉ lý do. * Liên từ kết hợp là liên từ nối hai mệnh đề độc lập (independent clauses) và không dùng ở đầu câu. Ví dụ: - I phoned her, for I wanted to tell her about her exam. Tôi gọi điện cho cô ấy vì tôi muốn nói với cô ấy về kỳ thi của cô ấy. + Mệnh đề chỉ lý do còn có thể đổi ra cụm từ chỉ lý do ( phrases of reason) với because of hoặc due to. Ví dụ: - Because the weather was cold, we stayed home. → Because of the cold weather, we stayed home. → Due to the cold weather, we stayed home. Vì thời tiết lạnh, chúng tôi ở nhà. Because và Because of Because và Because of đều có nghĩa là bởi vì nhưng chúng được dùng với cẩu trúc khác nhau. a ) Because là một liên từ (Conjunction), theo sau nó là một mệnh đề (Clause). Ví dụ: - Because the traffic was heavy, we were late for the meeting. S V Vì xe cộ đông đúc, chúng tôi đến buổi họp trễ. b) Because of là nhóm giới từ ( Prepositional phrase), theo sau nó là một cụm danh từ ( noun phrase) Ví dụ: - Because of the heavy traffic, we were late for the meeting. B-PRACTICE Conditional Sentences (VIẾT LẠI CÂU) 1. You got into so much trouble because you didn’t listen to me. → If______________________________________________________________________ 2. There are so many bugs in the room because there isn’t a screen on the window. → If______________________________________________________________________ 3. He is busy right now. So, he can’t help them. → If______________________________________________________________________ 4. I can’t make all of my own meals because I am not good at cooking. → If______________________________________________________________________ 5. I’m not you, so I can’t tell him the truth. → If I_____________________________________________________________________ 6. She came, so he wasn’t disappointed. → If______________________________________________________________________ 7. He is not a good student. He didn’t study for the test yesterday. → If______________________________________________________________________ 8. I didn’t eat breakfast several hours ago, so I am hungry now. → If______________________________________________________________________ 9. Mai is sick because she didn’t follow the doctor’s orders. → If______________________________________________________________________ 10. He is tired this morning because he didn’t go to bed early last night. → If______________________________________________________________________ 11. They don’t behave themselves so their parents are not happy about that. → If______________________________________________________________________ 12. She didn’t say sorry so he was angry. → If______________________________________________________________________ 13. I am not a rich businessman and I can’t afford to buy an expensive car. → If______________________________________________________________________ 14. It rained last night so I didn’t go to the barbecue. → If______________________________________________________________________ 15. My parents do not allow me to go, so I have to stay at home. → If______________________________________________________________________ 16. She doesn’t pay attention to her cooking so the food is horrible. → If______________________________________________________________________ 17. The weather was very nice so we didn’t go camping. → If______________________________________________________________________ 18. The computer broke down and I had to stop my work. → If______________________________________________________________________ 19. She loves him so she forgives him easily. → If______________________________________________________________________ 20. He was angry so I didn’t say anything. → If______________________________________________________________________ II) TRẮC NGHIỆM 21. If I ……….a lot of money now, I …………..a new car. a. have /will buy b. have / would buy ... - tailieumienphi.vn