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- COMPUTER TYPES
CRITERIA OF CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY
METHODS OF DEALING WITH DATA
GENERATIONS
MANUFACTURERS
WIDELY ACCEPTED CLASSIFICATION
- TYPES OF COMPUTERS
IN HISTORY
• Pre-mechanical computers
• Mechanical computers
• Electronic computers
• Optical computers
• Biological computers
- Pre-mechanical computers
• an example of a
computer with no
moving parts
• transforms information
about stellar and
planetary positions into
information about
important dates and
events (harvests, etc.) Stonehenge
- Mechanical computers
early
designs for
more
traditional
Abacus
computers -
based on
mechanical
techniques.
Slide rule
- Electronic computers
- Optical computers
• current research in computer
architecture includes much work on the
design of computers which use light
beams to perform computation; these
machines should be smaller, faster and
cooler than current electronic machines
- Biological computers
• computers based on DNA: problems are
encoded on strands of DNA which are
mixed in solution and react to form
DNA-coded answers
- COMPUTER TYPES
CRITERIA OF CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY
TWO BASIC KINDS
GENERATIONS
MANUFACTURERS
WIDELY ACCEPTED CLASSIFICATION
- ANALOG COMPUTER
1. Analog computers measure the continuous
change in something
– Current in a wire
– Movement of the tide
– Rate at which a wheel turns
2. More complicated to build than digital
computers
3. Analog computers are very rare today
- DIGITAL COMPUTERS
1. Use discrete numbers (whole digits) to
control the electrical circuits
2. Built of switches that are either on or off
– Can not have values in-between 0 or 1 like the
analog computer
– 1 turns the switch on
– 0 turns the switch off
1. Almost all computers built today are digital
computers
- COMPUTER TYPES
CRITERIA OF CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY
TWO BASIC KINDS
GENERATIONS
MANUFACTURERS
WIDELY ACCEPTED CLASSIFICATION
- First Generation - Vacuum Tubes
1. From 1946 to 1956
• did from 2,000 to 16,000 additions
per second
• Had main memory 100 bytes to 2
kilobytes
2. Used vacuum tubes
3. Very large machines
• special rooms to house them with air
conditioning
• specially trained technicians to run &
maintain
- Second Generation - Transistors
1. From 1959 to around 1965
2. Smaller, faster, and more reliable
used transistors
6,000 to 3,000,000 operations/s
main memory 6 kilobytes to 1.3 megabytes
Contained in four cabinets about 6 feet high
by 4 feet wide, each weighing 250 pounds
1. one-tenth the price of a 1st Generation
2. become common in larger businesses
and universities
- Third Generation - Integrated Circuits
1. Form 1965 to around 1972
2. Used integrated circuits – many
transistors on one piece of silicon
3. Smaller, faster, more reliable, and
lower in price
– Size of a stove or refrigerator, some
can fit on desktops
– Can do 100,000 to 400,000,000
operations per second
– Cost about one-tenth the amount of
second generation computers
4. Computers become very common
in medium to large businesses
- Fourth Generation - Microprocessors
1. From 1972 until now
2. Used large scale to very large scale integrated circuits
– Put more than one IC on a silicon chip
– Can do more than one function
1. smaller, faster, more reliable, and lower in price
– Size of a television or much smaller
– Can do 500,000 to 1,000,000,000 operations/second
– Cost one-tenth, or less, the amount of third generation
1. very common in homes and business
- Future Computer Generations
1. Most likely the following will happen to
computer technology
– It will become lower in price
– Computers will become smaller and faster
– Computers will have larger memories and
more storage space
2. Computers will become an integral part of
everyone's life
- COMPUTER TYPES
CRITERIA OF CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY
TWO BASIC KINDS
GENERATIONS
MANUFACTURERS
WIDELY ACCEPTED CLASSIFICATION
- COMPUTER TYPES
CRITERIA OF CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY
TWO BASIC KINDS
GENERATION
MANUFACTURER
WIDELY ACCEPTED CLASSIFICATION
- WIDELY ACCEPTED WAYS
• SIZE (Early days): mainframe,
minicomputer, microcomputer.
• SIZE (Now): Floortop, Desktop, Laptop,
Palmtop, Wearable.
• POWER: Supercomputer, server, enterprise
server (mainframe), mid-range server
(minicomputer), PC.
- PC
• computer designed for general use by a
single person.
• PCs were first known as
microcomputers because they were a
complete computer but built on a
smaller scale than the huge systems in
use by most businesses.
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