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Coastal Lagoons

Coastal lagoons are the most valuable components of coastal areas in terms of both ecosystem and natural capital. In most NATO coastal countries, the majority of the population lives within a 50-kilometer coastal band. Increasing human use and development pressures in the coastal areas make these dynamic and productive ecosystems very sensitive and vulnerable to deteriorations. Coastal Lagoons Ecosystem Processes and Modeling for Sustainable Use and Development © 2005 by CRC Press Coastal Lagoon

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  1. Coastal Lagoons Ecosystem Processes and Modeling for Sustainable Use and Development © 2005 by CRC Press
  2. Coastal Lagoons Ecosystem Processes and Modeling for Sustainable Use and Development edited by I. Ethem Gönenç IGEM Research & Consulting Co. Turkey John P. Wolflin US Fish and Wildlife Service USA C RC PR E S S Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. © 2005 by CRC Press
  3. L1686 disclaimer.fm Page 1 Monday, November 1, 2004 12:38 PM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Coastal lagoons : ecostystems processes and modeling for sustainable use and development edited by I. Ethem Gönenc and John Wolfin. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-686-6 (alk. paper) 1. Coastal ecology. 2. Sustainable development. I. Gönenc, I. Ethem. II. Wolfin, John. QH541.5.C65C5915 2004 577.7'8--dc22 2004051926 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or internal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press , provided that $1.50 per page photocopied is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 1-56670-686-6/05/$0.00+$1.50. The fee is subject to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press , 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com © 2005 by CRC Press Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-686-6 Library of Congress Card Number 2004051926 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper © 2005 by CRC Press
  4. L1686.fm-Coding Page v Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM Preface Coastal lagoons are the most valuable components of coastal areas in terms of both ecosystem and natural capital. In most NATO coastal countries, the majority of the population lives within a 50-kilometer coastal band. Increasing human use and development pressures in the coastal areas make these dynamic and productive ecosystems very sensitive and vulnerable to deteriorations. This has resulted in direct and indirect impacts that have considerably reduced the ability of these ecosystems to meet an ever-increasing demand for their use and development. Therefore, a NATO-Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) Pilot Study on “Ecosystem Modeling of Coastal Lagoons for Sustainable Management” was initi- ated in 1995. Turkey acted as the Pilot Study Director and USA as Co-Pilot Study Director where Canada, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Poland, Russian Federation, and Romania were the main participants. Lithuania, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan attended as observer and contributing countries. Sustainable use management is a conscious social decision that provides for the long-term health of both the ecological and economic systems of a lagoon. As reflected in case studies and other investigations by the scientists who have authored chapters of this manuscript and contributed to the Pilot Study, the finite capacity of the natural capital of lagoons cannot meet the growing demands of the socioeco- nomic system without a strategy of sustainable use and development. Accordingly, lagoon ecosystem components, which describe the “supply” side, or natural capital of the lagoon system and are available to the socioeconomic, or “demand” side, are defined in detail. The hierarchical interrelationships between these ecosystem com- ponents are considered to be the basic conceptual and methodological elements used to define and manage sustainability. Decision makers must balance the cost and benefits of alternative uses of the natural capital of the environment. This book summarizes the role of modeling as a support system for decision making to provide sustained use and development of lagoon ecosystems. Existing knowledge on hydrodynamics and ecology of lagoons has been investigated during the pilot study. As a product of the pilot study this book has been compiled. This manuscript points out that the use of models as a tool in the decision making process provides awareness of the interrelationships between input and output variables within the ecosystem and connected environments. Mod- eling will further enhance accuracy of predictions for, and awareness of the conse- quences of human actions and decisions concerning the use and development of lagoon systems as a whole. The authors present available knowledge in the field and experience gained from the pilot study. The use of a model to predict the outputs of the ecological system provides the basis for estimating both the ecological and economic changes expected. As a model predicts outputs, changes in the natural capital need to be recorded as assets or © 2005 by CRC Press
  5. L1686.fm-Coding Page vi Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM liabilities for the affected economy. Changes in input variables result in correspond- ing output change in the natural capital that needs to be documented in economic terms. Assigning monetary values to goods and services is critical to decision makers. It allows the consequences of decisions on use of natural capital and the future benefit, or loss to public or private financial interests. Thus, modeling has become an essential part of modern coastal lagoon management as reflected in the book. GUIDANCE TO THE READER ON USE OF THIS MANUSCRIPT: The Introduction Chapter (Chapter 1) briefly identifies the focus of the manuscript. Chapter 2 provides the overall framework for the rest of the chapters. In this chapter, the organization and functional structural specifications of lagoons are defined. A phi- losophy of sustainable management is related. The processes of transport, biogeochem- ical cycle, and ecology are described, as are the challenges of modeling in lagoon environments. Chapter 2 is highly recommended for decision makers and managers, as it is an overview of the key issues that should be considered in management. In Chapter 3, the physical processes that drive transport in lagoon are reviewed. Equations for defining mass, momentum, and energy transfer are presented along with equations for determining temperature, salinity, and sediment transport. Finally, required input and boundary conditions, as well as the boundary processes are discussed for lagoon ecosystems. The material is intended for physical scientists. It presents the reader an excellent background on physical modeling of lagoons. Chapter 4 consists of detailed reviews on biogeochemical cycles (nutrients and organic chemicals) in lagoons and related processes and mechanisms, special con- ditions which raise impacts over these processes and mechanisms, and finally, the equations formulating all of these concepts. This information is a sound tool to aid nutrient and toxic modeling studies. Therefore, this chapter is strongly recommended to readers with particular interest in understanding internal dynamics of the lagoons, the impacts of inputs from the socio-economical system into a lagoon, and evaluation of lagoon carrying capacities. Chapter 5 outlines the changes in lagoons under different eutrophication states and morphologic conditions regarding main biological features and processes. The chapter provides a framework to smooth ecological modeling studies. The targeted readers for this chapter are those who have specific interest in assessing the trophic state in lagoons by a structural analysis on producers and consumers, as well as changes due to the impacts of socio-economical inputs into the lagoon environment. Chapter 6 contains valuable information that will assist experienced modelers. Premodeling analysis and model selection, critical considerations on model imple- mentation, stability and accuracy problems of numerical modeling, and model anal- ysis, are discussed. This chapter is advised for all modelers as a reference guide. In Chapter 7, the principles of developing a lagoon monitoring system are reviewed as athe first step towards modelling and management. The relationships between monitoring and modeling as well as guidance on evaluation of the moni- toring results also are also presented. Therefore, it is one of the chapters of the book available for common reference. © 2005 by CRC Press
  6. L1686.fm-Coding Page vii Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM Decision-making processes are discussed in Chapter 8. A thorough assessment on how modeling, and other tools, should be employed in integrated sustainable use management for a lagoon is presented. This chapter should be reviewed in the context of the information presented in the book prior to this chapter. The mission of this book and the Ppilot Sstudy is accomplished only provided that the information and knowledge presented in this chapter are used and implemented. This chapter is required reading for elected officials, managers, and decision makers. In Chapter 9, selected case studies from different areas of the world are presented. They provide detailed information and knowledge on how to apply the methodolo- gies and approaches given in the book and how to use tools for sustainable use management use of lagoons. Naturally, readers from various disciplines involved with different aspects of lagoon assessment and management may not need to absorb information provided in every chapter in full detail. Thus, with attention paid to the structure of the book and the content of the chapters, it is advisable for readers that study lagoon hydro- dynamics to focus on Chapters 3 and Chapter 6, whereas, for those interested in lagoon ecology will find Chapters 2, Chapter 4, and Chapter 5 of value. Finally, those readers interested in lagoon management will find relevant information in Chapters 2 and Chapter 8, and as necessary, they might need to refer to other chapters. Chapter 1 and Chapter 7 are for the common use of all readers. Backed up by NATO-CCMS, scientists, operators, managers, and students from a wide geographic range from Central Asia, Europe, and then North America, have contributed and reunited every year for workshops in various contributing countries to study lagoons for a 5 -year period. These workshops enabled the participants to test the reliability of the information provided within the chapters of this book for the targeted purposes stated in the above paragraphs. Contributors from different disciplines and with different levels of background, shared information, made argu- ments, locally investigated lagoons, and finally formed a common vision and under- standing reflected on in this book. At the beginning of the new millennium, countries of any degree of development are aware of the fact that environmental pollution must be managed particularly in coastal areas. With this realization this manuscript has been developed by a group of international expert scientists. They appreciate your attention and wish you well on the path of designing and implementing sustainable use management strategies. © 2005 by CRC Press
  7. L1686.fm-Coding Page ix Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM Biographies BIOGRAPHY OF EDITORS I. Ethem Gönenç is an internationally recognized scientist who is considered a visionary. He is the Director of the NATO-CCMS Pilot Study on “Ecosystem Modeling of Coastal Lagoons for Sustainable Management” which was initiated in 1995. He brought together expert scientists from 15 countries and was the catalyst behind the development of this manuscript. Prof. Gonenc has done pio- neering work in the field of environmental science and technology. He has worked on master plans and feasibility studies in his home country Turkey, including those for Istanbul, a mega-metropolis of 12 million people, and Ankara, the capital. He was responsible for planning and development of the innovative approach to waste water management in Istanbul. He was a recipient of NATO and World Health Organization fellowships. At Denmark Technical University he developed a new model on biofilm kinetics with Paul Harremoes. He has received the Danish Royalty Award. Prof. Gonenc has published extensively in prime international journals and has presented at numerous world’s most recognized conferences and congresses on a wide range of environmental management topics including sus- tainable watershed management, environmental policy, environmental impact assessment, ecological modeling, diffusion in environment, biofilm kinetics, and nitrification/denitrification. Gonenc has several multidisciplinary research projects. Gonenc received a Ph.D. from Istanbul Technical University where he worked for 28 years. Although recently retired from the University, he continues to be dedi- cated to implementation of science-based environmental management practices within the context of sustained use and development of natural resources on an international basis. Prof. Gonenc is currently the CEO of IGEM Research and Consulting Company in Istanbul, Turkey. IGEM Research&Consulting, Kaptan Arif Sok. 12/9, Suadiye 34740, Istanbul, Turkey; tel: +90 216 3736071; fax: +90 216 4456364; e-mail: igemd35@isnet.net.tr John P. Wolflin teamed up with I. Ethem Gonenc in 1995 as the Co-Director of the NATO sponsored Pilot Study Ecosystem Modeling of Coastal Lagoons for Sustainable Management. He is one of the principal editors of this manuscript developed by the scientific experts affiliated with the Pilot Study. Wolflin is a tenured scientist with over 30 years of experience in natural resource management and collateral duties as an educator. Currently, he is the Supervisor of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Chesapeake Bay Office in Maryland. Wolflin oversees conservation programs on wetlands regulation and restoration, Federal navigation and highway © 2005 by CRC Press
  8. L1686.fm-Coding Page x Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM projects, environmental contaminant assessment and remediation, endangered and invasive species, and application of conservation provisions of other Federal envi- ronmental laws and international treaties that focus on migratory birds and inter- jurisdictional fisheries. He has lectured on sustained use and development of natural resources at universities in the U.S. and abroad. At Johns Hopkins University he taught Natural Resources—Policy and Conservation (1994–999). He has authored numerous papers on resource management and made presentations at many confer- ences including the International Wetlands Research Bureau, Wetlands International, and the European Union (US Information Agency World Net Broadcast). Wolflin began his career as a field scientist and is recognized for his work on complex and controversial land and water resource developments. He chaired an interdisciplinary team that developed a comprehensive management strategy for fish and wildlife, commercial navigation, and recreational use of the Upper Mississippi River. Wolflin completed the Department of the Interior’s Executive Management Development Program. He also has supervised the Service’s Idaho Office and has worked with the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources as a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer. Wolflin has a Bachelor of Science in biology and behavior science and a Master of Science in biology with special emphasis on coastal ecology. John P. Wolflin, Supervisor, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Office, Annapolis, MD, 21617 USA; tel: 410 573 4573; fax: 410 266 9127; e-mail: john_wolflin@fws.gov BIOGRAPHY OF CHAPTERS AUTHORS Angheluta Vadineanu has been graduated in Biology (1972) and got his Ph.D degree (1980) in Ecology at the University of Bucharest. He is University Professor and Head of Department of Systems Ecology and Sustainability (UNIBUC-ECO) as well as UNESCO-Cousteau Chair Holder in Ecotechnie at the same University. He has a wide and rich experience of teaching and training of human resources in the field of systems ecology and sustainability as well as of knowledge development and use concerning both natural capital and socio-economic system. His research and management activ- ities have been focused for more than 25 years on: the dynamics of the structure and productivity of Lower Danube River Wetlands System, including Razim -Sinoe lagoons system; the identification and management of the Romanian ecological net- work; structure and functioning of benthic communities; population dynamics and energy budget; the assessment of energy flow and biogeochemical cycles in wetlands and terrestrial ecosystems; and more recently on the social and economic valuation of natural capital as well as on the assessment of Eecological footprint for local or national socio-economic systems. He has published alone or as co-author, over one hundred and twenty scientific papers and eight books. He was (e.g Environmental Advisory Committee for European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 1992/1994) or is member of several international scientific and advisory bodies (e.g., Scientific Com- mittee of the European Center for Nature Conservation and IUCN Commission on © 2005 by CRC Press
  9. L1686.fm-Coding Page xi Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM Ecosystem Management). He is also coordinating the National Network for Long Term Ecological Research. Department of System Ecology, University of Bucharest SPL, Independentei 91-95, 76201 Bucharest , ROMANIA Tel: +40 1 411 23 10 Fax: +40 1 411 23 10 E-mail: anvadi@bio.bio.unibuc.ro Angel Pérez-Ruzafa was born in Murcia (Spain) in 1958. Graduate studies in Biology by the University of Murcia (Spain) and the University of La Laguna (Canary islands-Spain). PhD degree at the University of Murcia on the ecology of the benthic assemblages of the Mar Menor lagoon. Professor Titular of ecology and head of the research group on Ecology and Management of Coastal Marine Ecosystems at the Department of Ecology and Hydrology of the Faculty of Biology at the University of Murcia. Research topics and scientific publications (more than 40 in peer reviewed journals and book chapters) on coastal lagoons ecology (mainly in the Mar Menor lagoon), environmental impact, biological indicators, marine protected areas, and on the dynamics of populations and ecology of echinoderms and benthic fishes. Research has been developed through his national and interna- tional projects at Galapagos islands, Atlantic archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Canary islands and Cabo Verde), Antarctic, and the Mediterranean. He has been Vice-chancellor of University Extension and International Relationships of the University of Murcia. He collaborates as scientific assessor in several environmental management and research projects with national and local administrations like the Consejería de Agricultura, Agua y Medio Ambiente of the Region de Murcia Government, or the Dirección General de Puertos y Costas of the Spanish Minis- terio de Fomento. Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología. Facultad de Biología. Campus de Espinardo. Universidad de Murcia. 30100 Murcia (Spain). Telf. 34 968 364998. Fax 34 968 363963. e-mail angelpr@um.es Aysegül Tanık is Full Professor at Istanbul Technical University (ITU) in Turkey. ¸ She obtained her B.Sc. degree in Chemical Engineering (1981) and M.Sc. Degree (1984) in Environmental Engineering from Bogazici University, Istanbul. Her Ph.D is in Environmental Engineering (1991) and she got her degree from ITU, Depart- ment of Environmental Engineering where she has been a member of the teaching staff since 1992. She has become Full Professor in 2002. She has worked as a Project and Research Engineer in various contracting firms dealing with treatment of water and wastewater within the years 1984–1992. Her current fields of interest are: determination and management of diffuse sources of pollutants, water quality man- agement, water quality modeling, and watershed management. She has recently been lecturing on Environmental Impact Assessment, Marine Pollution and its Control, © 2005 by CRC Press
  10. L1686.fm-Coding Page xii Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM and Environmental Law to undergraduate Environmental Engineering students, and Diffuse Pollution, Integrated Watershed Management, and Fate and Transport of Pollutants in the Environment to graduate students. She has supervised numerous M.Sc. theses in the field of Environmental Engi- neering. She is a member of International Water Association (IWA), Turkish National Committee of Water Pollution Control (SKATMK), Chamber of Civil Engineers. She has almost 20 papers appearing in international SCI journals, more than 20 papers in the selected international proceedings besides many national conference papers. She has been one of the co-authors of the book chapters of NATO Science Series 2, Environmental Security Vol. 74 (2000) on Transboundary Water Resources in the Balkans: Initiating a Sustainable Co-operative Network, of IWA publishing of Water, Sanitation and Health, WHO Water Series (2000), and of the 6th International HCH and Pesticides Forum Book (2001) by Plant Protection Institute, Poland. She has been taking part in 2 NATO-CCMS projects, one in NATO CR together with many national projects supported by either ITU or the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey. Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul-Turkey; Tel:+90 212 2856884, Fax: +90 212 2853781, E-mail:tanika@itu.edu.tr Boris Chubarenko was born in 1961 in Russia. He graduated from Moscow Institute for Physics and Technology with M.Sc. in mechanics in 1994, and defended his Ph.D thesis on numerical methods of wave dynamics in nonlinear media in 1987. He was educated in marine environmental pollution prevention in Sweden (1994) and environmental water management, monitoring and modeling in Denmark (1997). Since 1987 he worked at P.P.Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences (headed by Dr.V.Paka). His present position in the Institute is a Head of Laboratory for Coastal Systems Study. During the period of 1990–1992 he was employed as a Head of Ecological Laboratory in the Kaliningrad State University. As a guest-scientist he worked at the Department of Environmental Flows (leaded by professor Kolumban Hutter) in Darmstadt Technical University (Germany), and participated in theoretical and observational projects on physical limnology, having studied Lake Constance. Presently he gives lectures in modeling of coastal water systems in Kaliningrad State University and in mathematics in high school. His research interests focuse on physical coastal oceanography, integrative studies of lagoons, estuaries and sandy coasts, and application of numerical models in envi- ronmental impact assessment, environmental monitoring, and operational oceanog- raphy. His present activity is devoted to integrative studies of the Baltic lagoons (Vistula, Curonian, Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain estuarine lagoons) and of the Baltic coastal zone including monitoring and environmental impact assessment of port developments. He has an experience in preparation and coordination of international projects funded by European funds (1994–present time). His papers were published in WWF Bultic Bulletin, Meteorology and Hydrology, Oceanological Studies, Ann. © 2005 by CRC Press
  11. L1686.fm-Coding Page xiii Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM Geophysicae, Int. J. Ecological Modeling and Systems Ecology, Baltica, J. of Envi- ronmental and Chemical Physics, J. of Limnology, ICES Research Report. Atlantic Branch of P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect Mira, 1, Kaliningrad, 236000, Russia Tlf.:+7 0112 451574 Fax: +7 0112 516970 E-mail: chuboris@ioran.baltnet.ru Concepción Marcos Diego was born in La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain) in 1959. Graduate studies in Biology by the University of La Laguna (Canary Islands, Spain). Ph.D. degree at the University of Murcia on Ecological Planning in the coastal zone. Pro- fessor Titular of Eecology and researcher at the group Ecology and Management of Coastal Marine Ecosystems at the Department of Ecology and Hydrology of the Faculty of Biology at the University of Murcia. Research topics and scientific publi- cations on management of coastal ecosystems, land capability, biological indicators, marine protected areas, coastal lagoons ecology (mainly in the Mar Menor lagoon), and on the dynamics of populations and ecology of echinoderms and benthic fishes. Research has been conducted at Galapagos islands, Atlantic archipelagos (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands, and Cabo Verde), Antarctic, and the Mediterranean. She collaborates as scientific assessor and in several environmental management and research projects with local administrations like the Consejería de Agrigultura, and Agua y Medio Ambiente of the Region de Murcia Government. Actually she is sub- director of the Institute of the Water and the Environment at the University of Murcia. Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología. Facultad de Biología. Campus de Espinardo. Universidad de Murcia. 30100 Murcia (Spain). Telf. 34 968 364978. Fax 34 968 363963. e-mail cmarcos@um.es Eugeniusz Andrulewicz is a senior scientist and project leader at the Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia, Poland. His research field covers marine chemistry and marine ecology and underwater exploration. He is now involved in research and assessments of the biological effects of anthropogenic activities, ecosystem health studies, and ecosystem-based management. He earned an M.Sc. in Chemistry from Gdansk Uni- versity and a Ph.D. in Natural Sciences from the Agriculture Academy in Szczecin. For 20 years he worked at the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management- Maritime Branch in Gdynia as a marine chemist, where he conducted field and labo- ratory measurements on salinity, oxygen, nutrients, trace metals, chlorinated hydro- carbons, and petroleum hydrocarbons. He is the author of approximately 50 papers in peer-reviewed journals and of more than 100 scientific, technical, and popular publi- cations. Dr Eugeniusz Andrulewicz has been involved in various international govern- mental organizations, such as ICES, HELCOM, SCOR, IMO-MEPC, and GIWA, and in nongovernmental organizations, including WWF, CBO (Conference of the Baltic Oceanographers), and BMB (Baltic Marine Biologists). He was a member of the ICES © 2005 by CRC Press
  12. L1686.fm-Coding Page xiv Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM Advisory Committee on Marine Pollution, the vice-chairman of the HELCOM Envi- ronment Committee, the vice chairman of the HELCOM Working Group on Moni- toring and Assessments, the co-chairman of the HELCOM Working Group on Man- agement Plans for Coastal Lagoons and Wetlands, and member of the Editorial Board of the German Journal of Hydrography. He is now co-chairman of GIWA Baltic Sea Sub-Region No. 17, a member of the Advisory Committee on the Marine Environment, a member of the ICES Advisory Committee on Ecosystems, and a member of the ICES Marine Habitat Committee. Department of Fisheries Oceanography and Marine Ecology, Sea Fisheries Institute, ul. Kollataja 1, 81-332 Gdynia, Poland. Tel.: + 48 58 620 17 28. Fax.: + 48 58 620 28 31. E-mail Eugene@mir.gdynia.pl Georg Umgiesser is a senior scientist at the ISMAR-CNR, the Institute of Marine Sciences of the National Research Council in Venice, Italy. He graduated in 1986 from the Institut für Meereskunde in Hamburg, after completing his thesis on the modeling of the Venice lagoon. His main interests are hydrodynamic numerical modeling, circulation, and sediment transport. He developed a framework of finite element models for the application to shallow water bodies, SHYFEM, which resolves hydrodynamic processes, as well as processes of water quality and sediment transport. This model has been applied extensively to the Venice lagoon and other Italian and Mediterranean lagoons. He participated in various EU projects, dealing with the North Sea, Mediterranean, turbulence and application of 3D hydrodynamic models. He is teaching a course on Numerical Techniques and Large Scale Circu- lation at the University of Venice. He was also covering a position of a visiting professor at the Kyushu University in Japan. He is the author of over 20 publications in peer reviewed journals. At the moment he is working on the sea-lagoon exchange, the influence of the hydrological cycle on the lagoon environment, and sediment transport in very shallow water bodies. ISMAR-CNR, Istituto di Scienze Marine, S. Polo 1364, 30125 Venezia, Italy. Tel: +39-041-5216875. Fax.: +39-041-2601340. E-mail: georg.umgiesser@ismar.cnr.it Javier Gilabert is Associate Professor at the Technical University of Cartagena in Spain. He was born in 1958 and speaks Spanish and English. He obtained his M. Sc. in marine biology at the University of Balearic Islands (1985) and Ph.D. in ecology at the University of Murcia (1992). He worked for the Remote Sensing Department of Indra Space, an Sapin based international IT company, and was aan EU Marie Curie postdoc fellow for two years at Plymouth Marine Laboratory (UK). He has been author of more than 20 scientific publications and has been reviwer for several aquatic ecology journals. His current research interest is focused on plankton dynamics from an interdisciplinary point of view: from physical (hydrodynamics) to chemical (nutrient diffusion) to biological processes (uptake of nutrients by phytoplankton and grazing impact of zooplankton). He has © 2005 by CRC Press
  13. L1686.fm-Coding Page xv Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM been studying the dynamics of the planktonic size structure in different environ- ments in order to incorporate the mechanisms controlling the planktonic size structure into the ecosystem models. Projects concerning these aspects have been carried out at several spatial scales: from coastal lagoons—the Mar Menor (Spain)—to the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean (90º latitudinal transects). Currently he is also involved in the study of regional harmful algae blooms. Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering. Technical University of Cartagena. Alfonso XIII, 44. 30202-Cartagena. Spain. Tel.: +34 968 325 669. Fax.: +34 968 325 435. E-mail: javier.gilabert@upct.es Karen Terwilliger is a nature conservation and communication consultant who has worked both in the private and public sector with local, state, and federal and interna- tional government and nongovernmental organizations. She directed Virginia’s Wildlife Diversity and Endangered Species Program for 15 years, and worked with the U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers before starting her own company. Terwilliger Consulting Inc., provides natural resource con- servation and communication services to private and public landowners and organiza- tions, with 30 years of diverse expertise. Her international work includes work with the International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies and NATO and she is a member of several federal, regional, and state technical committees and endangered species recovery teams. She has held state and regional positions in her professional societies, and has received numerous awards for her outstanding contributions. Terwilliger Consulting, Inc., 28295 Burton Shore Rd., Locustville, VA 23404, USA Telf 757-787-2637 ext. 11, Fax 757-787-2411 e-mail: natural@visi.net Melike Gürel is research assistant at Istanbul Technical University (ITU), Environ- mental Engineering Department, Turkey. She obtained her degrees in Environmental Engineering, B.Sc. (1992), M.Sc. Degree (1994) and Ph.D. degree (2000) from ITU. She has been working as a research assistant in ITU, Environmental Engineering Department since 1994. She has worked in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ecosystems Research Division in Athens, GA in year 2001–2002 as a visiting scientist in the field of water quality modeling. Her current fields of interest are: eutrophication, water quality modeling, and integrated watershed management. She has recently started to lecture Eutrophication to graduate Environmental Engineering students. She has been assisting undergraduate courses of Environmental Chemistry I and II, Water Quality, Environmental Modeling and graduate courses of Eutroph- ication, Diffuse Pollution, and Integrated Watershed Management. She is a member of International Water Association (IWA), National Committee of Turkey on Water Pollution Control (SKATMK), and Chamber of Environmental Engineers, Turkey (CMO). She has six papers appearing in international SCI journals, more than 10 papers in the international proceedings besides national articles. She has been taking © 2005 by CRC Press
  14. L1686.fm-Coding Page xvi Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM part in 2 NATO-CCMS projects, 1 in NATO CR together with many national projects supported by either ITU or the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey. Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul-Turkey; Tel: + 90 212 285 65 79, Fax: + 90 212 285 65 87, E-mail: mgurel@ins.itu.edu.tr Ramiro Neves is Associate Professor at Instituto Superior Técnico (I.S.T.), from the Technical University of Lisbon. He graduated in Mechanical Engineering in 1979, at I.S.T., and completed his Ph.D on Applied Sciences, in 1986, at the Uni- versity of Liège, Belgium. His main interests are hydrodynamic modeling, circula- tion, and sediment transport. He teaches numerical modeling to undergraduate and master students. With his team he developed several hydrodynamic models for European estuaries and coastal seas to access marine environmental problems. One of their goals is to achieve exploitable products to solve marine environmental issues such as eutrophication, dredging, circulation, and water contaminants dispersal. MARETEC, Instituto Superior Técnico (I.S.T.), Technical University of Lisbon, Pavilhão de Turbomáquinas, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal. Tel.: +351 21 841 7397. Fax: + 351 21 841 7398. E-mail: ramiro.neves@ist.utl.pt Rosemarie C. Russo is the Ddirector of the Ecosystems Research Division of the National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, in Athens, Georgia, USA. She received her B.S. degree in Chemistry from the University of Minnesota-Duluth in 1964 and her Ph.D. degree in Inorganic Chemistry from the University of New Hampshire in 1972. Her research interests are aquatic toxicology, ammonia and nitrite toxicity to aquatic organ- isms, and water quality criteria. Research conducted in the EPA laboratory in Athens focuses on identification and quantification of transformation processes affecting behav- ior of contaminants in environmental systems and the development of mathematical models to assess the response of aquatic systems to stresses from natural and anthro- pogenic sources. Field and laboratory studies support process research, model devel- opment, testing and validation, and characterize variability and prediction uncertainty. She has authored or coauthored numerous papers on toxicity of ammonia to fishes and national water quality criteria documents. She has worked on international environmen- tal research projects in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Estonia, Lithuania, and China. Ecosystems Research Division, US EPA, 960 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605-2700 USA. Tel: 1-706-355-8001, Email russo.rosemarie@epa.gov © 2005 by CRC Press
  15. L1686.fm-Coding Page xvii Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM Sofia Gamito is Aassistant professor at the Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences), from the University of Algarve, Portugal. She graduated in Biology in 1983, at the Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon. In 1990, she completed a degree equivalent to a M.Sc. in marine ecology, and obtainded her Ph.D. in 1994, on in biological sciences, in the speciality of marine ecology. She is teaching Habitat Management to the last year undergraduate students in marine biology and fisheries at the University of Algarve, and is supervising several M.Sc. and Ph.D. thesis in marine coastal ecology. Her main research interests are in the marine ecology research area, namely in biological processes, ecological modeling, trophic food webs, experimental ecology, and envi- ronmental management. Her current research interest is focused on lagoonal ecology and management of protected areas. She has more than 40 publications, 14 of them are published in peer-reviewed journals, and has participated in 10 national or international projects, related to ecology and management of coastal areas. Faculdade de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente (Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal Tel.: + 351 289 800976. Fax: + 351 289 818353. E-mail: sgamito@ualg.pt Vladimir G. Koutitonsky is a coastal physical oceanographer engaged in funda- mental and applied research at the Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du of Québec à Rimouski, Québec, Canada. He holds a 1965 B.Sc. degree in physics and chemistry from the American University in Cairo, Egypt, a 1973 M.Sc. in physical oceanography from McGill University, Montréal Canada and a 1985 Ph.D. in coastal oceanography from the Marine Sciences Research Centre, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA. His research focuses on Coastal Environmental hydraulics: Modeling and field observations as described in some 25 publications in prime international journals and some 40 research and environmental impact reports. Most of his fundamental research deals with mesos- cale processes occurring at inertial, tidal, and synoptic frequencies in stratified coastal waters, mostly in the St-Lawrence estuary. His practical expertise includes planning, supervising, and carrying out environmental impact studies involving field measurements and numerical models (the MIKE21 and MIKE3 systems, www. dhi.dk) to study water circulation and quality, eutrophication, aquaculture site selec- tion, transport of particles (sediments, larvae, oil spills, and pollutants), and refrac- tion of waves in the coastal zone, estuaries, lagoons, and bays. Finally, Dr. Koutiton- sky teaches coastal dynamics courses worldwide as well as graduate courses at ISMER where he supervises graduate students (M.Sc. and Ph.D.). Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER), 310 Allee des Ursulines, Rimouski, Quebec, Canada, G5L-3A1, Tel. : (418) 723-1986, ext. 1763; Fax. : (418) 724-1842; e-mail : VGK@uqar.qc.ca © 2005 by CRC Press
  16. L1686.fm-Coding Page xix Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM Acknowledgment This book is a product of the “Ecosystem Modeling of Coastal Lagoons for Sus- tainable Management (LEMSM)” Pilot Study supported by NATO—Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS), which was initiated in 1995. This manuscript would not exist without the support of the NATO-CCMS managers in Brussels as well as national coordinators of participating countries. We particularly want to thank to Dr. Deniz Beten (CCMS Program Director) and Prof. Dr. Nejat Ince (National CCMS Coordinator of Turkey) for their dedication and support. This manuscript could not have been accomplished without the dedication of many individuals and organizations. We are deeply indebted to our colleagues, the scientists who wrote the chapters of the manuscript. Their dedication to improve the management of coastal lagoons and to scientific accuracy and thoroughness is exemplified by their chapters. Less evident, but equally essential to the success of this project, was their receptiveness to editorial suggestions, their patience with the extensive review process, and their persistence in seeing our manuscript through to a successful conclusion. During the pilot study, many workshops have been organized in the participating countries. This book is a result of those meetings. Therefore, we owe an equally great debt to all the national and local institutions of the participating countries, which honored the authors of this manuscript with their support and contributions to the workshops. In addition to the authors of this manuscript, many scientists have provided valuable counsel. On behalf of all of the authors, we especially want to mention Dr. Richard Wetzel and David Fausel for editorial guidance. Further, we have been fortunate to have several graduate students (Bade Cebeci, Ali Ertürk, Constantin Cazacu, Flavio Martins, Kızıltan Yüceil, Alpaslan Ekdal and many others) that have unselfishly contributed to the development of the manuscript. Finally, we want to offer our deepest affection to the LEMSM family, which includes not only the writers of the manuscript but the families behind these authors. The support and understanding of these families was instrumental in assuring the completion of this project. As the editors, we devote this book to those responsible for lagoon ecosystems management worldwide in hope that these valuable areas are conserved for future generations. This can only be achieved through the implementation of sustainable management practices such as those describe herein. We are also particularly grateful for the summer offshore breezes of lagoons (called “meltem” in Mediterranean Countries), which provided us coolness of spirit during our comprehensive studies and the development of this manuscript. John P. Wolflin and I. Ethem Gönenç Koycegiz 27 June, 2003 © 2005 by CRC Press
  17. L1686.fm-Coding Page xxi Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM Other Contributors Ali Erturk Erdog Okus ˘an Istanbul Technical University, Faculty Istanbul University, Institute of Marine of Civil Engineering, 34469 Maslak, Sciences, Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Ertug rul Dogan ˘ Alpaslan Ekdal Istanbul University, Institute of Marine Istanbul Technical University, Faculty Sciences, Vefa, Istanbul, Turkey of Civil Engineering, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey Irina Chubarenko Laboratory for Coastal Systems Study, Aylin Bederli Atlantic Branch of P. P. Shirshov Istanbul Technical University, Faculty Institute of Oceanology of the Russian of Civil Engineering, 34469 Maslak, Academy of Sciences, Prospect Mira, Istanbul, Turkey 1, Kaliningrad, 236000, Russia Bilsen Beler Baykal Kızıltan Yuceil Istanbul Technical University, Faculty Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 34469 Maslak, of Civil Engineering, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey Dursun Seker Nusret Karakaya Istanbul Technical University, Faculty Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, 34469 Maslak, of Civil Engineering, 34469 Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey Istanbul, Turkey © 2005 by CRC Press
  18. L1686.fm-Coding Page xxiii Tuesday, July 27, 2004 3:19 PM Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction I. Ethem Gonenc and John Wolflin Chapter 2 Identification of the Lagoon Ecosystems Angheluta Vadineanu Chapter 3 Physical Processes Georg Umgiesser and Ramiro Neves Chapter 4 Biogeochemical Cycles Melike Gurel, Aysegul Tanik, Rosemarie C. Russo, and Ethem Gonenc Chapter 5 Effects of Changing Environmental Conditions on Lagoon Ecology Sofia Gamito, Javier Gilabert, Concepción Marcos Diego, and Angel Pérez-Ruzafa Chapter 6 Modeling Concepts Boris Chubarenko, Vladimir Koutitonsky, Ramiro Neves, and Georg Umgiesser Chapter 7 Monitoring Program Design Eugeniusz Andrulewicz and Boris Chubarenko Chapter 8 Decision-Making for Sustainable Management Karen Terwilliger and John Wolflin Chapter 9 Case Studies © 2005 by CRC Press
  19. L1686_C01.fm Page 1 Monday, November 1, 2004 3:27 PM Introduction 1 I. Ethem Gönenç and John P. Wolflin CONTENTS 1.1 Background: Issues and Approach 1.2 Purpose of the Book 1.3 Overview of Topics 1.4 The Future 1.1 BACKGROUND: ISSUES AND APPROACH Lagoons are the most valuable components of coastal areas in terms of both the ecosystem and natural capital. Surrounding areas of lagoons provide excellent oppor- tunities for agriculture and tourism sectors on the one hand and for fishery and aquatic products sectors on the other hand. Sustainable use management is a con- scious social decision that provides for the long-term health of both the ecological and economic systems of a lagoon and surrounding areas. However, the concept of sustainable management of lagoons is often either not clearly understood or not applied. The NATO Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) study was initiated in 1995 to define and promote sustainable use management in lagoons. The focus was on integrating management decisions with current modeling methodolo- gies. This book, Coastal Lagoons: Ecosystem Processes and Modeling for Sustain- able Use and Development, is a product of this NATO-CCMS study. Coastal lagoons are shallow aquatic ecosystems that develop at the interface between coastal terrestrial and marine ecosystems. They are driven to a major extent by the high density of noncommercial auxiliary energy and mass exchanged with the surrounding ecosystems. The rate of structural and functional change of hydro- geomorphological units and biological communities is particularly dependent on the exchanges of auxiliary energy and mass. Although lagoons are intricately con- nected to surrounding environments, they develop mechanisms for structural and functional regulation, which result in specific biological productivity and carrying capacities. Continental and marine environments influence coastal lagoons by definition of location. Historically, coastal regions have been areas prone to human habitation. The resulting rural and urban landscapes reflect human orientation toward the use of the natural capital of lagoons. Lagoons are sensitive areas that play an important © 2005 by CRC Press
  20. L1686_C01.fm Page 2 Monday, November 1, 2004 3:27 PM role among the coastal zone ecosystems as they provide suitable breeding areas for many species. Today many lagoons are deteriorating because of overuse of their natural capital. Fisheries and aquaculture, tourism, urban, industrial, and agricultural developments are typical uses that are not only uncontrolled but also competing. The result is that the existing quality and future ability to sustain the productivity of natural capital is being compromised. The environmental deterioration can be characterized by dissolved oxygen deficits, aquatic toxicity, variation in organism structure, disappearance of benthic animals, turbidity and odors, fish mortality, sedimentation, and clogging of channels. These problems hinder future use of the lagoons and surrounding environments and lead to loss of agriculture, fisheries, and aquatic production as well as hinder tourism. The loss and deterioration of coastal environments are being recognized. More than 30% of the special protection areas designated under the European Union directives for conservation are coastal and many NATO and EAPC countries have developed a considerable body of protective legislation in recognition of the value of coastal environments. Therefore, special emphasis must be given to the concept of sustainable use management in decision making on the use and development of the natural capital of coastal areas. 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE BOOK This book suggests a basic framework for making informed decisions and taking positive actions for the sustainable management of lagoon systems. The individual chapters present the current status of available information on lagoon systems and models that describe the processes and mechanisms of the interrelationships and energy flow within a lagoons systems. The data and models are useful for demonstrating the cause and effect relationship of changing input variables to predict the alternative future outputs for a lagoon ecosystem. They form the basis for decision-making. It is suggested that a decision support system should be established and maintained on a continuing basis in order for sustainable man- agement decisions to be effectively integrated into the socio-economic system influencing the natural lagoon system. It must be recognized that many decisions will be made temporally (over a time scale) and spatially (across a wide geographic area and diverse societal infrastructure units and levels) that affect each lagoon. It is critically important to provide the best available knowledge and information in a coordinated way to result in decisions that foster the sustainable management of these threatened coastal systems. It is the task of decision makers to make choices that affect the lagoon system using the best available information and tools. These decisions inevitably center on finding the balance between the finite capacity of the lagoon system and the many demands being placed upon it by the socio-economic system that depends on it. Further, it is imperative to establish a process or plan by which informed decisions can be made over time, and which provides consistency and ensures coordination by the multitude of “users” of the lagoon system about the future of the lagoon. © 2005 by CRC Press
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