Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective

Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective Captions for Front Cover Photos Top Photo: An underground coal fire being manually excavated in the Sungai Wain Nature Reserve on the Island of Borneo. Underground coal beds were ignited here in 1998 by forest fires in East Kalimantan. Photo by Alfred E. Whitehouse, 1999. Bottom-Left Photo: A gob-pile fire started by spontaneous combustion in the Kleinkopje Colliery located in the Witbank Coalfield, South Africa. The vertical field of view is 3 m and the foreshortened horizontal field of view is 9 m. Photo by Robert B. Finkelman, 2004. Bottom-Middle Photo: Surface expression of an underground coal fire in the Carbonera Formation; burning in the Lobatera Mine in Táchira State, western Venezuela. The horizontal field of view is about 120 cm. Photo by Manuel Martínez, 2007; courtesy of Gonzalo Márquez and Manuel Martínez. Bottom-Right Photo: Bituminous coal in the Raniganj Formation, ignited by spontaneous combustion; burning in the opencast Kajora Mine, Raniganj Coalfield, Burdwan, West Bengal, India. The maximum thickness of the exposed seam is approximately 2 m. Most coal seams in the Raniganj Formation are 4-5 m thick. Photo by Prasun Gangopadhyay, 2006. Coal and Peat Fires: A Global Perspective Volume 1: Coal – Geology and Combustion Edited by Glenn B. Stracher Division of Science and Mathematics, University System of Georgia, 131 College Circle, Swainsboro, Georgia 30401 USA Anupma Prakash Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 903 Koyukuk Drive, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775 USA Ellina V. Sokol Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Koptyuga, 3, Novosibirsk 630090 Russia Amsterdam – Boston – Heidelberg – London – New York – Oxford – Paris San Diego – San Francisco – Singapore – Sydney – Tokyo Elsevier Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK First edition 2011 Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0)1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/ permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-444-52858-2 For information on all Elsevier publications visit our website at elsevierdirect.com Printed and bound in United Kingdom 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Working together to grow libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org ... - tailieumienphi.vn