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Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin city: safety and quality issues

The present study examines the chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City and its associated safety and quality issues. Among the data isolated, major intermediaries involved in the fish marketing channels of Cochin were identified and the role of each intermediary in the chain was covered in detail. International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 7, Issue 3, March-April 2016, pp.279–292, Article ID: IJM_07_03_026 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=7&I

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  1. International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 7, Issue 3, March-April 2016, pp.279–292, Article ID: IJM_07_03_026 Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=7&IType=3 Journal Impact Factor (2016): 8.1920 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com ISSN Print: 0976-6502 and ISSN Online: 0976-6510 © IAEME Publication CHAIN OF CUSTODY OF FISH MARKETED IN COCHIN CITY: SAFETY AND QUALITY ISSUES Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran School of Industrial Fisheries, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Fine Arts Avenue, Kochi-22, Kerala, India ABSTRACT Chain of custody starts with a producer and ends with the ultimate consumer involving a number of intermediaries in between. The involvement of these marketing intermediaries provides services like head loading, processing, preservation, packaging and transportation of fishes which results in addition of cost. The present study examines the chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City and its associated safety and quality issues. Among the data isolated, major intermediaries involved in the fish marketing channels of Cochin were identified and the role of each intermediary in the chain was covered in detail. Quality concerns associated with the transportation of fish from the primary stage to consumers were also examined. In addition, surveyed landing centres, fishing harbours, wholesale and retail markets were also monitored for assessing the limitations of infrastructure which could bring up serious issues in terms of safety and quality. The microbiological (TPC, MPN) studies performed confirmed the progressive increase in microbial load as the fish travels from one stage to another. The organoleptic study (Quality Index Method (QIM)) substantiated the loss in freshness and quality of the fish as the chain prolonged. It could be concluded that the seafood products available from domestic markets of Cochin City requires a strict monitoring according to the standards proposed by authorities like FSSAI (Food Safety Standards Association of India) so that the public health should not be challenged by health issues. Key words: Chain of Custody, Intermediaries, Quality, Safety, FSSAI, QIM Cite this Article: Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran. Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues. International Journal of Management, 7(2), 2016, pp. 279–292. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/issues.asp?JType=IJM&VType=7&IType=3 http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 279 editor@iaeme.com
  2. Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran INTRODUCTION Fish is an important source of protein and its harvest, handling, processing and distribution provide livelihood for millions of people as well as providing valuable foreign exchange earnings to the country (FAO/WHO, 2010). It is a highly perishable food, which requires proper and hygienic handling throughout the chain by which it is marketed to the consumers. The “Chain of Custody” of fish and fishery products can be defined as the set of measures which is intended to guarantee that the fish product put on the market is really a product of designated origin and produced from the assured fishery concerned. The measures include both the tracking/traceability of the product throughout the processing, distribution and marketing chain, as well as the proper tracking of the documentation and control of associated quantity (FAO,2012). The chain of custody starts with a producer and ends with the ultimate consumer involving a number of intermediaries in between. The involvement of these marketing intermediaries provides services of head loading, processing, preservation, packaging and transporting of fishes and these activities results in cost addition at every stage of marketing (Bishnoi, 2005). Present study concentrates on the chain of custody of fresh fish marketed in Cochin City and the associated safety and quality issues. Major intermediaries involved in fish marketing channels of Cochin were identified as fish traders, wholesalers, commission agents and retailers. Due to the unhygienic and disordered transferring of fishes between these intermediaries, there exists possibility for the occurrence of safety and quality issues to the final product delivered to the consumers which may result in serious health problems. This study also investigates the role of concerned authorities in monitoring and rectifying the possible issues correlated to the chain. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary data regarding the chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City (Ernakulam district, Kerala state, India) was collected through a questionnaire based survey (Survey questionnaire design, 2012) conducted from August 2014 to November 2014. For gathering data, several survey techniques were adopted (Table 1). Table 1 Details of preferred study areas in Cochin City Si no Sites covered Categories of people interviewed 1. Harbors  Fishing boat owners a.  Boat crew members Cochin Fisheries Harbor, Thopumpady  Traders b  Intermediaries MunambamHarbor  Transportation truck drivers c. VypinHarbor 2. Domestic markets I. Super markets http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 280 editor@iaeme.com
  3. Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues Si no Sites covered Categories of people interviewed a.  Super market/ retail outlet Mitra Mega Mart- DH Road owners b. Lulu HyperMarket- Edapally  Staffs  Intermediaries c. Well Mart- KaloorKathrikadav  Staff appointed in the fish d. display counter AshisSuperMercato- Shanmugam Road II. Fish retail Outlets a. Fresh Fish Point , Matsyafed – High Court Road b. Kadaloram – Kaloor, Kathrikadav c. Cheenavala, Fresh Fish Outlet – Vypin  Fish sellers  Intermediaries III. Wholesale market Ernakulam Fish Market In order to study the safety and quality issues associated with the chain of custody of fish, microbiological and organoleptic analyses were performed for preferred samples from harbor, wholesale market and retail outlet. Total plate count (TPC) and E.coli identification were carried out as per Bacteriological Analytical Methods proposed by USFDA (2001). Ice samples collected from harbor were tested for the presence of total faecal coliforms using MPN (Most probable Number) method and the test was done as per CIFT Laboratory Manual (2006). Quality Index Method (QIM) was employed for organoleptic analysis of fish (Larsen, Heldbo, Jespersen and Nielsen, 1992). Data collected from different sources like national/international reports, academic journals, books, E-Journals, NGO publications and government records on chain of custody were used as secondary data. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The chain of custody of fishes marketed in Cochin City was examined. The results obtained from the study were discussed with reference to Lakshmanan et al., (1984), Bishnoi (2005), Rasmussen (2012), and Das et al., (2013) and the results are as follows (Table 2): http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 281 editor@iaeme.com
  4. Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran Table 2 Details about different markets surveyed along with available fish products and their source Name of the Category Fish species available Source outlet Well Mart, Kaloor Super Mackerel,Pomfret,GoldSpotMullet,Anchovies, Munambam, Kathrikadavu Market RedSnapper,Cobia,Sardines,Seefish, Jew Fish Thopumpady, road with fish Varapuzha products Chilled Lulu Hyper Hyper White squid Whole, Anchovies, Glass Perch , Vypin, market, Market Lizard Fish, sole, Sardine, Mackerel, Varapuzha, Edapally toll with fish Threadfin (b&s), Pearl Spot(b&s), Tilapia, Munambam, junction products Silver Belly, Bull Eye, Sea Catla, Reef Cod, Abad Frozen Rohu, Emperor Fish, Pirhana, Butter Fish, Food Yellow Emperor, Boal Fish, Little Tuna, products, Pomfret, Tarpon Fish, Seer Fish, Barracuda, Amalgam Ribbon Fish, Blue Scampi, Tiger Prawn, Seafood White Prawn, Flower Tail Prawn, Oysters and Enterprises Mussels. Steak King Fish , Tuna, Cobia, Marlin, Frozen Fish Fillets, Breaded Products, Crab Stick, Crab Claw, Fish Fingers, Fish Popcorn, Lobster Bits Jew Fish, Prawn, Seer Fish, RedSnapper, Munambam, Kadaloram, Private Marl Sea Bass, Gold Spot Mullet, Brown Poothota Kaloor Fish Retail Sweet Lip, Pomfret, Blue Fin Trevally, White Outlet Tailed Silver Bidy, Tilopia, Catla, Pearl Spot, Mackerel, Sardines, Anchovies, Squid, Crab, Oysters, Mussels Ashis Super Pearl Spot, Blue Fin Trevally, Sardines, Thopumpady Supermercato, Market Mackerel, Anchovies, Prawns, (fresh) Shanmugham with fish All of the above whole cleaned road, Cochin products Fresh Fish Govt. Seer Fish, Pearl Spot, White Tuna, Blue Fin Munambam, Point, High (Matsyfed) Trevally, Mackerel, Brown Sweet Lip, Cobia, Thopumpady court junction Fish Retail Milk Fish, Black Pomfret, White Snapper, Outlet Sardine Mitra Mega Super Sardine Cleaned, Seer Fish steak, Jumbo Abad frozen Mart, DH road Market Shrimp, Pomfret, Coco Shrimp, Curry Shrimp, food with Squid Portion, Fish Portion, Fish Fillets, products, Frozen Breaded Fish Products, Ready to Fry Products, Amalgam Fish Anchovies Frozen. seafood Products Enterprises Cheenavala , Private Black and white Pomfret, Mackerel, Tuna, Vypin Kalamukk Fish Retail Red Snapper, Pearl Spot, Sardines, Blue Fin ,Vypin Outlet Trevally Horse Mackerel, Silver Belly, Prawns, Crab, Barracuda, MahiMahi, Ribbon Fish http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 282 editor@iaeme.com
  5. Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues In this case study, sardines and mackerels were found to have higher consumer preference with respect to other marketed fishes, since they are cheaper in cost and easily available irrespective to seasonal occurrence. Hence, more emphasis was given to the chain of custody of these fishes (Figure 1) rather than the rest. Figure 1 Chain of Custody of sardine and mackerel The most employed Chains for transfer of fishes in Cochin City are the following (Fig 2) Figure 2 The most employed Chains for transfer of fishes in Cochin City Table 3, provides details about the role and activities carried out by the major intermediaries involved in the fish transfer chain. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 283 editor@iaeme.com
  6. Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran Table 3 Roles of the Actors involved in the Chain (Kulkarni, 2005) Fisherman Commission agent Supplier Seller Input acquirement, Receive fish from boat Receive fish from Receive fish from diesel, ice, food, nets, agent supplier boat, 6-12 helpers Undertake1-30days Weigh fish Stock fishes in Washes the fish fishing trip crates filled with ice Classify fish as per Grade fish as per Sort fishes in 4 Grades and weighs category defective and non grades the fish defective Stove the fish in ice Negotiate price with Transfer fish to the Displays the fish fishermen and seller after icing suppliers Unload the fish on Clean the fish docks after -------------------- Sells the fish to the preliminary washing buyers Negotiate price with Negotiate price with Negotiate price with the agent and receive ---------------------- agent and the seller the buyer and money supplier Major safety issues related to chain of custody of fishes in Cochin City  Fish Handling was not found to be hygienic and disinfected.  Workers not aware of keeping cleanliness and its importance in the quality of the final product.  The landing site where fish is kept for a long time during auctioning was highly contaminated and unsanitary.  There was no scheduled cleaning or disinfection of the landing site or fish handling area.  Ice used for fish storage was very dirty in condition with accumulation of sediment particles.  Water used for washing fish was filthy and untreated. Figure 3 Contaminated working deck http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 284 editor@iaeme.com
  7. Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues Figure 4 Unhygienic premises Figure 5 Inadequate icing http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 285 editor@iaeme.com
  8. Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran Figure 6 Filth content in ice used for fish storage QUALITY ISSUES The major transfer points in the chain of custody of fresh fishes were identified. The bacterial load present in the fishes was recognised by carrying out Total Plate Count (TPC) analysis. Test for presence of specific bacteria entering the fishes through direct contacts with faecal contents (E.g.Escherichia coli) were accomplished using T7 agar (Costa, 2013). Ice used for storage of fishes during transfer, was also subjected to MPN analysis for identifying the microbiological quality (faecal coliforms) of water used in ice making. Finally organoleptic analysis of 10 separate samples of fresh fishes collected from harbor and fish market were performed to substantiate the deterioration in quality of fresh fish before it reaches the consumer. Microbiological assessment of the samples taken from different transfer points of the chain Table no.4 shows the Total plate count (TPC) result of the random samples collected from harbour, wholesale market and retail outlet respectively. Microbiological analysis was carried out in Mackerel (Rastrallinger kanagurta) in order to find out the bacterial load present within. As per the regulation provided by FSSAI, the bacterial load is not supposed to increase more than 1 X 10 3cfu/g (FSSAI, 2009) for fresh Mackerel species. But in this case, the samples were found to have more TPC value than the fixed standard value. Lakshmanan et al., (1984) stated that the bacterial load increases in fishes due to improper and unhygienic handling as it is transferred from one point of the chain to another. Out of 3 samples collected, most amount of bacterial load was found to be in retail outlets (11 x 103cfu/g) in which the chain of custody was much lengthier including more number of chain actors and transfer points. From the harbor, fishes were transferred immediately by the wholesalers where it was kept in custody of the wholesalers without proper icing for more than 2 hours which is a major issue for bacterial load. Transfer of fishes from wholesalers to retailers was also subjected to time consumption. Absence of hygienic handling also accounted as a major factor for the increase in bacterial load. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 286 editor@iaeme.com
  9. Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues Table 4 Total plate count of analysed samples Standard Sample No. Source TPC/gmcfu/g Mean Deviation 1 Harbor 8.1 x 103 8.1 8.1 ± 0.1 2.5 x 103 2.4 2.4 ± 0.1 1.4 x 103 1.3 1.4 ± 0.05 2 Wholesale market 3 x 103 3.1 3 ± 0.1 1.3 x 103 1.2 1.3 ± 0.1 1 x 103 1.1 1 ± 0.1 3 Retail outlet 11 x 103 11.1 11 ± 0.1 5 x 103 5.1 5 ± 0.1 3 x 103 3.1 3 ± 0.05 Table 5, shows the results of identification of E. coli from the analysed samples (Rastrallinger kanagurta, sample used for TPC analysis). The results illustrated that the fishes landed in harbour were found to have E. coli, which might have got in the fish either due to careless and unhygienic handling or from direct contact with faecal matters. Costa (2013) evidently indicates that this specific bacterium enters the raw fish from the surroundings which were found to be contaminated with faecal matter. Since the fishes after auctioning was immediately iced by the agents, E. coli was found to be absent in samples from both the markets (as per Costa (2013) E. coli shows 95% reduction in iced condition). Table 5 Identification of E. coli Sample Date of sampling Source of sample Result number 1 20/11/14 Fishing harbour Positive (dark yellow centered colonies present) 2 24/11/14 Fish wholesale market Negative 3 27/11/14 Fish retail outlet Negative Table 6, gives the results of analysis (MPN) of ice sample collected from harbour. The analysis was carried out with reference to Surendran et al., (2006). The result provided above positively demonstrates the presence of faecal coliforms in the ice used frequently for fish storage in harbor. This can be quality issue related to the fishes sold in markets. If the ice used for fish storage is not clean, there is a high chance of fish getting contaminated and it also will affect the safety of the people consuming it. The results were compared with Sudhanadh et al., (2011). http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 287 editor@iaeme.com
  10. Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran Table 6 Results of analysis of ice sample collected from harbour Organism Inoculum Growth Acid Gas cultural response (CFU) Enterobacteraerogenes 50-100 luxuriant Positive reaction Positive ATCC 13048 reaction Esterichia coli 50-100 luxuriant Positive reaction Positive ATCC 25922 reaction Klesbsiella pneumonia 50-100 luxuriant Positive reaction Positive ATCC 12011 reaction Proteus mirabilis 50-100 luxuriant Negative reaction Negative ATCC 25933 reaction Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 50-100 Fair to good Negative reaction Negative 12011 reaction Staphylococcus aureus >= 103 Inhibited ------------------------ ----------- Enterococcus faecalis 50-100 None-poor Positive reaction Negative ATCC 29212 reaction Organoleptic assessment Table 7 Quality assessment scheme used to identify the quality index demerit score (Larsen et al., 1992) Quality parameter Character Score Skin Bright, shining 0 Bright 1 Dull 2 Bloodspot on gill cover None 0 Small 1 Big 2 Very big 3 Stiffness Stiff in rigor mortis 0 General appearance Elastic 1 Firm 2 Soft 3 Belly Firm 0 Soft 1 Belly burst 2 Smell Fresh, seaweed/metallic 0 Neutral 1 Musty/sour 2 Stale meat/rancid 3 Clarity Clear 0 Cloudy 1 Eyes Shape Normal 0 Plain 1 Sunken 3 http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 288 editor@iaeme.com
  11. Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues Quality parameter Character Score Gills Color Characteristic red 0 Faded discolored 1 Smell Fresh, seaweed/metallic 0 Neutral 1 Sweaty/slightly rancid 2 Sour stink/stale, rancid 3 Sum of scores (min. 0 and max. 20) Table 8 Results of organoleptic assessment of random samples observed from harbor SAMPLE NUMBER QUALITY PARAMETER CHARACTER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 GENERAL APPEARANCE SKIN 0 1 0 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 BLOOD SPOT ON GILL COVER 3 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 STIFFNESS 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 BELLY 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 SMELL 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 EYES CLARITY 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 SHAPE 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 GILLS COLOUR 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 SMELL 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 SUM OF SCORES 9 9 4 8 6 5 10 9 7 6 Table 9 Results of organoleptic assessment of random samples observed from fish markets SAMPLE NUMBER QUALITY CHARACTER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 PARAMETER GENERAL SKIN 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 APPEARANCE BLOOD SPOT ON 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 GILL COVER STIFFNESS 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 BELLY 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 SMELL 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 EYES CLARITY 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 SHAPE 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 GILLS COLOUR 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SMELL 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 SUM OF SCORES 11 12 8 10 8 8 9 9 8 10 Table 8 and 9 shows the results obtained from the organoleptic assessment of random samples collected from harbor and retail outlets respectively. Jonsdottir (1992) substantiates that evident deterioration in fresh fish quality can be noticeably revealed using QIM. Out of the maximum score taken as 20, the harbour results were found to be more acceptable than the retail outlet samples. In the harbour the samples, maximum score came as 10 and least as 6. But in the case of retail outlets the maximum came as 12 and minimum as 8. This variation clearly shows the deterioration of quality of fish as it passes through different transfer point before it reaches the outlet. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 289 editor@iaeme.com
  12. Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Fresh fishes which appear to be in good and healthy condition in the market display are not healthy and safe as it seems. The stated factor was confirmed and proved through surveys in specific sites and microbiological, organoleptic analysis done from selected samples. Even though proper cooking of fish and addition of natural preservatives before consumption reduces the risk of causing related diseases to a certain level, carelessness shown by the people associated with fish catching, marketing and handling may result in serious health issues. The quality and safety problem arises right from the beginning step that is fish catching. Fish caught will be already having bacterial load due to the highly polluted water bodies which is further increased by the unhygienic handling done by the fishermen as well as the contaminated surface to which fish comes in contact after catching. The contamination is well increased as it passes through a long chain of custody before it reaches finally to the consumer. Correction should be done for the prevention of hazards in the following steps of the chain as recommended below. Role of FSSAI in ensuring Safety of fresh fish/fish products available in domestic markets The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has been established under Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 for ensuring the safety of the consumers. All the eatables like fruits, vegetables, meat products including fish, dairy products, processed products, semi processed and ready to eat products comes under the consideration of FSSAI. All the eatable products available in Indian market meant for sale should have FSSAI registration. They are found to take action against almost all the food products both exporting and importing, but they give least importance to the domestic fish products available in local fish markets. In Cochin City the FSSAI district office is located at Thripunithura (Ernakulam, Kerala, India). As per the information provided by the officials in the office, the safety and quality issues concerned with the fresh and chilled seafood products available in the domestic markets in the City are not coming under the concern of FSSAI. They are not taking any initiative in monitoring the conditions prevailing in the harbors and in other specific parts of the distribution chain. They do not adopt any initiative in preventing the possibility of occurrence of safety and quality issues associated with the consumption of fresh and chilled seafood products. From the study conducted, it could be analysed that the seafood products available in domestic markets of Cochin City is not safe for consumption as it may cause serious health issues in future to the consumers. The authority under which the fresh fishes come under is FSSAI so the authority should try to bring under consideration the problems associated with the distribution chain of fresh fishery products so that any possibility for occurrence of any disease outbreaks or any other health issues can be prevented before it occurs. The authority should also try to train the people associated with the distribution chain on importance of keeping personnel cleanliness and about the possible hazards which may arise due to careless handling, delay in icing or due to use of untidy ice for fish and shell fish storage. The Local Self Government also has the responsibility to properly maintain the infrastructure required for marketing fish with good quality for domestic consumption. This fact must be seriously considered and proper action should be taken to ensure the safety of the consumers. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 290 editor@iaeme.com
  13. Chain of custody of fish marketed in Cochin City: Safety and Quality issues Table10 The fish passes through different transfer points before it finally reaches the consumer. Here we have a summary of what can go wrong at each of handling steps: Handling step Potential danger Source of danger Water body to landing site  Growth of bacteria Expose to sun and wind  Contamination Leaking of boat  Bruises Rough handling Prolonged stay of fish in nets At landing site  Growth of bacteria Delayed icing  Contamination Landing site water Insulated container  Contamination Poor drainage  Growth of bacteria Transportation with cargo Improper drainage Poor insulation of containers  Fish crushing High mechanical load Standing on fish Insulated truck  Growth of bacteria Delayed re-icing Poor insulation of truck Improper icing  Fish crushing Mechanical load At market Substandard quality fishes Delayed off loading Poor inspection Table 11 Suggestions for improvement of operations in the chain which relates to quality and safety and their supposed effects Supposed effects Match Contributes to Maintain Saves time Suggestions buyers assessment of Fewer complaints freshness need quality Excess ice in all * boxes at auction Use of slush ice for chilling onboard, * more chilling Low temperature in * auction hall Shorter fishing trips * Improvement of * catch handling at sea No mixing of fish of different freshness * * categories during auction More careful quality assessment by * * * * collectors QIM at auction * Division of freshness category A into * subcategories http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 291 editor@iaeme.com
  14. Sameera Shamsudheen and Alappat Ramachandran REFERENCES [1] Bishnoi and Tanuj Kumar. (2005). Marketing of Marine Fisheries, Sonali Publications, NewDelhi, 74-76. [2] Costa,R (2013) Escherichia coli in seafood: A brief overview. Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 4, 450-454. [3] Das, A., Upadhyay, A., Kumar, N., Prakash, S., Debnath, B., Datta, M .(2013). Marketing Profile of Selected Fish Markets of Tripura. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 26, 115-120. [4] FAO Committee on Fisheries. (2012). Traceability best practice guidelines, Sub Committee of Fish Trade. Thirteenth Session, Hyderabad. India. COFI: FT. XIII, 5-13. [5] FAO/WHO. (2010). Assuring Food Safety and Quality: Guidelines For Strengthening National Food Control System, 13-25. [6] Food Safety Standards and Regulations (2009).Food Safety Standards Authority of India. http://www.fssai.gov.in// [7] Jonsdottir.S. (1992). Quality index method and TQM system. In: Olafsson R, Ingthorsson AH, editors. Quality issues in the fish industry. Reykjavik: The Research Liaison Office, Univ. of Iceland, 81-94. [8] Kulkarni,P. (2005). The Marine Seafood Export Supply Chain in India: Current State and Influence of Import Requirements. Consumer Unity and Trust Society (CUTS), IISD, http://www.iisd.org// [9] Lakshamanan,P., Mathen,C., Varma,P., Iyer,T. (1984) Assessment of Quality of Fish Landed at the Cochin Fisheries Harbour. Fishery Technology, 45-54. [10] Larsen,E., Heldbo,J., Jespersen, C.M and Nielsen, J. (1992) Development of a method for quality assessment of fish for human consumption based on sensory evaluation. Elsvier Science Publishers, 351-358. [11] Rasmussen, M (2012) A study of traceability and quality assurance in fish supply chains. DTU National Food Institute. PhD Thesis, 48-62. [12] Sudhanandh,V., Shibu,R ., Ajimon,V., Babu,N (2011)Water quality effects of harbour activities assessed with integrated ecotoxicological parameters in Kerala, India. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology.11 :924-932 [13] Surendran,P., Thampuran,V., Nambiar,N and Lalitha,K .(2006). Laboratory Manual on Microbilogical Examination of Seafood.Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, IInd Edition, 38-49. [14] Survey questionnaire design (2012) Fair fax county department of neighborhood and community services, 4-54. [15] Jasbin Bino.P and Dr.R.Radhika. Impact of Fishing Harbour on The Living Conditions of Fishermen In Muttom Kanyakumari District. International Journal of Management, 6(3), 2015, pp. 96–105. [16] K. R. Chidambaram and T. Mohan. A Review Strategy on Tropical Coast Marine Fishes for Its Reproduction. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management, 6(3), 2015, pp. 63–67. [17] Ramasamy Kumaresan, Ramasamy Ezhilrani, Krishnan Vinitha, Periyakarupan Sivaraman, Ramanujam Jayaraman. Research Trends In Fish Stock Assessment During 1999 - 2013: A Scientometrics Study. International Journal of Library and Information Science, 3(2), 2014, pp. 24–36 [18] U.S. Food & Drug Administration (2001).Bacteriological analytical manual. Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition, 136- 141. http://www.iaeme.com/IJM/index.asp 292 editor@iaeme.com
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