Continuing work by Atraverda on the production of a composite-laminate form of the Ebonex® material, that can be cheaply formulated and manufactured to form substrate plates for bipolar lead–acid batteries, is described. Ebonex® is the registered trade name of a range of titanium suboxide ceramic materials, typically Ti4 O7 and Ti5 O9 , which combine electrical conductivity with high corrosion and oxidation resistance. Details of the structure of the composite, battery construction techniques an