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- CHINH TRI - AN NINH CHAU AU
VAN BE "CAJWH T A " VA "CAJWBI HtTU"
CtA CAC BAIVG CHINH TRI BlfC NGAY NAY
TSKH. LiTffng Van Ke
Khoa Quoc te hpc - £>ai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van
• • • •
1. Quan niem ve dang Canh Ta va img hg sir cong bang, cai each xa hgi va
dang Canh Hun hirong toi tuong lai; con dang Canh Him c6
Ljch su cua cac chinh dang Canh Ta noi khuynh huong nhin theo chieu thang dirng
chung va cua Dang Xa hoi Dan chu Dire noi (vertical), theo duoi quan diem duy tri ton ti,
tieng phan anh nhiing khiic quanh cua phong C tinh bao thii, cong bang xa hgi va coi
O
trao Marxist va phong trao cong nhan a Due trgng gia tri ton giao. Trong khi do nguoi My
va chau Au. No cung phan anh tuong quan eho rang khong rieng gi cac dang Canh Ta
giiia cac lire lugng chinh trj trong cue dien theo duoi gia tn cong bang, ma ngay cae
chinh tri quoc te, phan anh con duong khue chinh dang thien hiru ciing noi nhieu ve cong
khuyu cua di den mot xa hoi xa hoi ehu bang (Justie). Hon niia, tinh chat Ta - Hiiu
nghTa dan chii hien dai. Can cu vao dau de c6 eung thay doi theo thoi gian. Chang han, thai
the coi mot dang nao do la Canh Ta? Su C dai trong cac huyen thoai thi Hiru thuoc
O
phan loai Ta - Hiiu la mot cau ehuyen phiie ve Chiia trai linh thieng, eon Ta la doi thii
tap. Nguoi ta co the ngugc dong Hch sir de ciia Chua trai. Trong khi do nguai Trung
truy tim tir nguyen eua khai niem ddng Cdnh Quoc lai hieu Ta - Hiiu la hai yeu to eau
Td va ddng Cdnh Hiru eung nhu y nghia het thanh nuang tua vao nhau, quan trgng khong
sue khac nhau ve van hoa, dan toe hge va kem gi nhau (vi du, chirc ta tuang quoc chi
chinh tri hge eua true quan he doi lap nay a tuang vo, eon hiru tuong quoc chi tuang van,
cac dan tgc va khu vuc'. ca hai deu la canh tay dac lue ciia vua). Co
nguai hieu Ta la vi Igi ich eua nguai lao
O phuang Tay ciing co su khong thong
dgng, img hg sir can thiep ciia nha nuac doi
nhat ve tieu ehi phan chia khuynh huong tir
tuong chinh tri thanh Canh Ta va Canh Hiiu. vai kinh te, con Hiin la vi Igi ich ciia giai
Nguoi chau Au hieu dang Canh Ta la dang chii, khuac tir can thiep ciia nha nuac. Tuy
mang each nhin chieu ngang (horizontal). nhien tren dai the, eae thu ITnh chinh dang
kha nhat tri vai nhau rang: phan chia Ta -
' Xem: Luang Van Ke: Con duong tra thdnh ddng Hiru la nhiing khuon kho dinh huang nh4m
edtn quyin hien dai ciia Ddng Xa hoi Ddn chu (SPDj
a CHLB Due. Tap chi Nghien ciru Chau Au, so 2 tranh thii cir tri trong hku cir^.
(77), 2-2007, tr. 16-26; Klaus von Beyme; Parteien
im Wandel (Cae ehinh ddng dang bien doi).
Darmstadt, 2000, tr. 66; Vucng An Vinh (chu bien). Xem: Klaus von Beyme: Parteien im Wandel.
Chinh tri dia li hoc. BSc Kinh 1999. Darmstadt, 2000, tr. 66.
- NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N"02 (125).
Nhung cau chuyen xa xua do dem lai Tinh hinh ehinh dang a Dire phan anh
khong may y nghTa eho viec danh gia tinh trang thai diin hinh ciia cac nuac dan chii
phuc tap va bat on dinh ve mat tu tuang hien dai, trong do c6 hai nhom dang phan
eiing nhu tinh chat thuc dung eiia he thong biet nhau, trong nhilu truang hgp la doi lap
chinh dang ngay nay. Cai dang quan tam la a nhau, mSi nhom eo mot chinh dang manh
cho, Ddng Xd hoi Ddn chit Due (SPD), vai lam nong cot. Theo truyin thSng ciia nen
tu each mot dang "Cdnh Td", la mot trong chinh tri phuang Tay, nguai ta phan biet mpt
hai tru cot cao lan va thanh cong nhat, eo uy phai la "td khuynh" va phai d6i lap kia la
tin lan nhat dong vai tro lanh dao nuac Dire, "hint khuynh". Ching han, a Anh, lire lugng
tir nam 2005 - 2009 da lien danh eiing vai Canh Ta tap trung xung quanh Dang Lao
Lien minh Ddn chit Thien Chua giao (CDU) dgng (Cong Dang/Labor Party), eon lire
"Cdnh Huu" thiet lap mgt chinh phii "Dai lugng Canh Hiiu tap trung a Dang Bao thu
lien minh". Day la mgt bang chiing mai ve (Conservative Party). Tuong tu, a Phap
su biin chuy§n co ban trong he tu tuang, ly Dang Xa hgi va Dang Cong san la chu chot
tuang chinh tri eiia cae chinh dang hien dai. cua phe ta, con Lien minh vi nen Cong hoa la
Hai dang v6n d6i lap nhau ngay nay san sang chu chot cua phe hiiu.
bo qua tat ca d8 thiet lap mgt lien minh nham
thau tom dugc chinh quyen quoc gia ve tay Ngay nay, phan Ion cae nha nghien ciru
minh. Do do nguai ta c6 the dong y voi y cac dang ehinh tri hieu "Td" Id vi lai ich cita
kien mot s6 hge gia khi cho rang, thai eua nguai lao dong vd nguai ngheo, iing ho sir
d6i lap Ta - Hiru da qua roi, tham chi khong can thiep ciia nhd nuac doi vai kinh te vd xa
eon khai niem trung td hay trung hiru nira, vi hoi, iing ho xu the hod hieu trong quan he
dai da s6 ehinh dang hien nay deu eo the qudc ti; Cdn "Hieu" la vi lai ich ciia giai
xem la cae ddng a giua, ddng trung dung ma chit, chit truang tic do kinh te tu nhdn, khuac
thoi., Cau khiu hieu duge ua chuong ngay tit can thiep cita nhd nuac, bdo ve lai ich ddn
nay a Diic la: Ai diing trung dung, nguai do toe, quoc gia vd duy tri cdc gid tri truyen
CO tdt cd lua chon quyen luc! (Wer in der thong. Tuy nhien tren dai the, cac thii ITnh
Mitte steht, hat alle Machtoptionen), diing ehinh dang kha nhat tri voi nhau rang: phan
nhu nhan dinh eiia nha phan tich ehinh tri chia "Ta - Hiru" la nhiing khuon kho dinh
Franz Walter - giao su Dai hoc Goettingen. huang nhdm tranh thu cic tri trong bdu eic Day cung la mgt nguyen nhan y thirc he dan Cae chinh dang ehu chot trong nin chinh tri
din sir phan ly trong noi bo Dang Xa hoi da nguyen thuong it khi cue doan, cue ta hay
Dan chii, trong do lire lugng ta khuynh cap cue hiiu, ma truang co quan diem "trung ta"
tiln dung dau la Oskar Lafontaine da quyet
hoac "trung hiiu".
dinh roi bo no dl gia nhap luc lugng Canh
Ta thuc chat hon do dang cua ehu nghTa xa
' Xem: Klaus von Beyme: Parteien im Wandel Cdc
hoi dan chii (tiic Dang Cong san o Dong chinh ddng dang bien doi). Darmstadt, 2000, tr 66;
Dire) lanh dao. Vucmg An Vinh (chii bien/ Chinh tri dia li hoc. Sic
Kinh 1999.
- 'Van ite "^ank ta
Doi khi nguoi ta bilu thi tinh chk Ta - minh vai dang chinh eiia phe hiru, khi thi lai
Hiiu bang mau sac bieu tugng ciia cac chinh C the lien minh vai phe ta de tham chinh
O
dang, vi du mau do tugng trung cho Canh Ta tren co so nhiing thoa hiep Igi ich nao do, thi
(dang xa hoi, dang lao dong, hay dang cong C the dugc xep vao loai ehinh dang "trung
O
san), mau den tugng trung cho Canh Hiru dung". Ciing co truang hgp mot dang nho co
(dang quoc gia, Co doc giao), mau xanh la the chuyen dgng linh hoat mang tinh co hgi
cdy ciia Dang Xanh. Ciing co mot so dang ehii nghTa, tir mot dang rat "hii'u" sang mgt
lay bieu tugng ciia minh la cac con vat quen phia rat "td", dae biet trong hoan canh quoc
thuoc nhu con lua, eon trau, con voi...
gia do xuat hien khiing hodng he thong. Cac
Ngoai hai phe doi lap ta hiiu ra eon co dang nhu Dang Tu do Dan chii (FDP), hay
nhiing chinh dang "diing giiia"/ trung dung. Dang Xanh v.v... o Diic la nhiing dang kieu
Cac dang phai trong cuong ITnh chinh tri eo nhu vay. Chung ta eo the bieu dien tuong
nhiing diem the hien quan diem hii-u khuynh, quan ta hiiu eua cac chinh dang bang so do
nhung lai co nhii'ng ITnh vuc to ra ta khuynh; sau:
ve mat lien ket tao dong minh, khi thi ho lien
Bang 1. Tirong quan ta hiru giira cac chfnh dang Diic
DKP, Dang LM90/ SPD FDP CDU CSU REP,
Canh Dang
MLPD DVU,
Ta Xanh
NDP
Cue td Trung dung Cue hitu
(Trong bilu nay ehi neu cae dang chii ch6t eo dai dien trong Qu6c hgi va mgt vai dang
thuong duge nhae den trong du luan).
So dT cac dang Canh Ta Dire roi vao Khi quan sat hai khuynh huong ta va
khiing hoang nhu ngay nay c6 mot nguyen hun trong dai s6ng ehinh tri, gioi ehinh tri va
nhan eo ban la do ho mat phuong huong, cac CO quan luat phap dac biet quan tam din
khong xay dung duge mot each nhin chung
cac bien thai cue doan eiia cae luc lugng
mai me va mgt chien luge nham chong lai
ehinh tri. Phai cue doan eiia phe ta duge xem
ehii nghTa tu do mai tren pham vi toan ciu va
la nhom "eicc td" (left radical) va tuang iing
chau Au.
- NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 11251.2011
la nhom "eicc hieu" (right radical). Cac nha chua khi nao gianh dugc tren 0,3% phieu
lap phap Dire co thai do de phong ca hai bau'*, do do khong the c6 chan trong Quoc
khuynh huang cue doan nay vai mue do gan hoi. D I khong che "tdc hgi" cua lire lugng
nhu nhau, trong do co ve e de phe cue hiru dugc xem la cue ta nay, nha nuoc Cong hoa
hon. Dau la su trai nguge ve he tu tuong cua Lien bang Dire khong the tai ap dung tro lai
hai phe nay va eae nha lap phap lo ngai dieu bien phap cam doan do tinh hinh quoc te da
gi nhat? thay doi va su phe phan eiia du luan, nen ho
chi dua ra eae bien phap ra soat ky, de phong
2. Ve cac dang phai chinh tri "cue ta"
eae dang vien eiia dang nay lam viec trong
Giai chinh khach Due xem cac nhom eo eae ITnh vuc nhay cam nhu quan ly, dieh vu
tu tuong cong san di theo cuong ITnh dau cong cong. Tuy nhien vao nam 1972, Thii
tranh lat do chii nghTa tu ban hay trat tu tu tuong Lien bang va ehinh phii cac bang (Tay
san bdng bao hrc cdch mgng la nhom cue ta. Diic cii) da ky ket mot sac lenh ve chii nghTa
Vi quan niem dau tranh bao lire da bi loai ra cue doan (Radikalenerlass) eho phep ap
khoi tinh than ciia Hien phap cac nha nuoc dung eae bien phap tran ap, truac het la tran
dan chii hien dai noi chung va ciia Cong hoa ap cac nhom cue ta. Dieu do da anh huong
Lien bang Due noi rieng, do do Dang Cong tieu cue den hinh anh nha nuac tu do dan
san Dire (KPD) tai thiet lap sau Chien tranh chii phap quyen eiia Cong hoa Lien bang
the gioi II va da tirng co chan trong Quoc hoi Diie a nuac ngoai. Tuy nhien tinh hinh cho
Lien bang khoa dhu tien (1949 - 1953) da bi thay moi bien phap quan ly de chong lai chii
cam hoat dong ke tir nam 1956 theo quyet nghTa cue ta khong co may tac dung, do do
nghi eua Toan an Hien phap Lien bang. Den nguoi ta da dat van de ve hieu lire eiia s4c
nam 1968, trong khong khi each mang ta lenh nay.
khuynh a Tay Au, dang nay da duge tai lap
vai ten goi Dang Cong san Diie. (Trong Tren thue tiln dai song chinh tri, dai da
tieng Diic, ten goi mai nay chi la su thay doi so thanh vien eae nhom cue ta la sinh vien.
trat tu tir va doi danh tir "Dice" thanh tinh tir Cae nhom nay co goc gae tir phong trao d4u
"Dice" tu ten goi cii: Kommunistische Partei tranh ciia sinh vien Tay Au nhiing nam 1968
Deutsehlands KPD > Deutsche -1972 theo tu tuong giao dilu, tham chi c6
Kommunistische Partei DKP). Dang DKP co mau sac Maoist. Dien hinh trong s6 do la
lien he mat thiet voi nha nuac Cong hoa Dan nhom mang ten Nhom dai bilu H6ng quan
chii Due duoi sir lanh dao ciia Dang Xa hoi (Rote Armee Fraktion/ RAF), van dung cac
chii nghTa thong nhat Dire (SED eii). Trong thil doan khiing bo de chong lai ehe do Cong
cae euoe bau cir Quoc hoi Lien bang, DKP
'' K. Schortheimer/ W. Bleek: Cdc ca sa eiia he thdng
chinh tri Dire (tiing Due). Muenchen 1999, tr. 254.
- NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (125)/
Deutsehen!). Theo nghien cim ciia eae nha (tiln bg); (2) Cuong ITnh mang tinh thue te
xa hoi hoe, trong thap nien 60 ciia the ky 20, eao de bao dam thue hien dugc eae hira hen
C toi 10-15% cii' tri iing ho bon cue hiiu.
O Igi ich vdi dai da so cir tri; (3) Nhan each ciia
Dieu dang suy nghT la co tai 5% cir tri di bau gidi tinh hoa cua dang; (4) Nghe thuat quang
lan dau toan nuoc Dire da bo phieu eho ba hinh anh va tranh cir ciia dang. De xay
DVU, 13% cir tri trong do tuoi 18-24 bo dung dang viing manh va chiem mot vai trd
phieu cho bon cue hiiu.* Va lire lugng cue tich cue trong ddi sdng chinh tri eiia dat nudc,
hiin, bon phat xit mai van la noi lo canh canh trudc het la gianh quyen lap ehinh phii, cac
cho sir yen binh cua nuoc Dire dan ehii da
chinh dang phai tich cue phat trien dang vien
nguyen.
trong nhan dan.
Tuy nhien, cac bien phap giam sat,
Ci Dire, thap nien 70 eiia the ky XX la thdi
khong che va y thire chinh tri cao eiia ngudi
ky biing nd ve sd lugng dang vien ciia cac dang.
dan Due da lam that bai moi muu toan ciia
Dinh cao nhat ve phat trien sd lugng dang vien
eae thil ITnh cue hiru. Trong euoe bau cir
la vao thdi ky thdng nhat nude Dire nam 1990.
Quoc hgi Lien bang thang 9 nam 1998, cac
Nhung su tang trudng quan trong do ve sd
dang cue hiru chi gianh dugc mot so phieu it
lugng dang vien khdng phai bao gid ciing dem
oi: Dang Cong hoa gianh 1,8%), DVU -
den su nang ddng va sire manh tae ddng ddi vdi
1,2%, NDP - 0,3%. Dilu dang phan khdi la d
xa hdi eho ndi bd dang. Sau dd tat ca cac dang
cho, vai trd ciia cac dang cue hiru ngay cang
deu rod vao tinh trang suy giam sd lugng dang
giam silt ro ret so vdi thdi ky nude Dire bi
vien. Te hai nhat trong do la su tan ra eiia Dang
chia cat ciing nhu so vdi thdi ky dau mdi
thong nhat nude Dire. Mac dau vay co le Xa hoi chii nghTa thdng nhat Dire (SED) (tire
nudc Dire van can cd euoe eai each nao dd Dang Cdng san, 2,6 trieu dang vien) cam quyen
ve Hien phap va thay ddi tinh trang cir tri de d CHDC Dire cii. Hien nay toan Lien bang chi
triet tieu moi mam mdng ciia ehii nghTa cue ed ehimg chua den 3% cir tri la dang vien ciia
hiiu. cae dang ehinh tri, tire la vao khoang 1,5 din
1,8 trieu. Nhung sd dang vien tich cue hoat
4. Nguy C ' cua cac dang canh ta Dire:
O
ddng chi khoang 1/4 tham ehi 1/5 ma thdi.^
Sir suy giam so luong dang vien
Biie tranh tuong quan siie manh trong he
Sire manh eiia cac dang chinh tri phu thdng dang phai chinh tri Diic thi hien ro
thuoc trudc het vao kha nang tap hgp quan tren sd lugng dang vien qua cac thdi ky nhu
chiing di theo minh. Sire hap dan cua mot sau:
chinh dang trude nhan dan the hien trude
het d: (1) Sir sang sudt ciia he tu tudng
' K. Schortheimer/ W. Bleek: sdd. tr. 258. ' Ismayr, W. (ed.): Die politischen Systems
^ K. Schortheimer/ W. Bleek.- sdd, tr. 259. Westeiiropas, tr. 467.
- IJatL He ^nfi ta
Bang 2. So sanh so lu'o'ng dang vien ciia cac dang
C chan trong Quoc hoi Lien bang 1952-2009
O
Lm90/ PDS/ Dang
Nam CDU CSU SPD FDP
Dang Xanh Canh ta
1952 200.000 52.000 627.000 83.000
1975 590.000 132.000 998.500 74.000
1990 777.800 186.200 949.600 168.200 39.900 200.000
2001 608.560 177.852 717.513 64.063 45.000 83.000
2007 539.861 167.500 539.052 65.000 44.687 70.943
Nguon: Ismayr, W. (ed.): Die politischen Systeme Westeuropas, tr. 452;
htlp://de.wikipedia.ors/M'iki/Bu}idestag#Sechzehnter_Bundeslag
Sd lugng dang vien eua cac dang Idn da quyen, SPD ed 755.000 dang vien, thi vao
suy giam mot each nhanh chdng. Dang Xa cudi nam 2004, khi Schroeder tir ehiie Chii
hoi Dan ehii SPD va Lien minh Dan ehu tich Dang, sd dang vien ciia SPD ehi cdn
Thien Chiia giao la hai dang Idn nhat va hien 628.000 (giam gan 130.000). Va vao eudi
nay dang lien minh vdi nhau dl cam quyin nam 2005 chi eon 590.000 (van cao hon nam
la nhirng dang chiu ton that to Idn nhit. Vdi 2007 la 25.000). Vay la so vdi Lien minh
Dang Xa hdi Dan chii, neu nhu vao thang 5 Dan chii Thien Chiia giao (CDU), sd lugng
nam 2006 sd dang vien cdn trong dang tich dang vien eua dang SPD chi nhieu hon 6.500
la 575.404 ngudi, thi cudi thang 10 nam ma thdi. Vi tri dang Idn nhat Lien bang eua
2006 ehi cdn 565.500 ngudi, tiic giam gin nd dang bi thach thiic. Ciing theo,mgt bao
10.000. eao ciia SPD tai Tru sd trung uong dang d
Trung binh mdt nam ed khoang 20.000 Berlin, hau het cac dang bd dia phuang
ngudi xin ra khdi dang va 10.000 dang vien khdng thuc hien duge chi tieu kit nap dang
chet. Sd dang vien gia nhap mdi ehi khoang vien mdi: Chi ed 3.600 dang bd trong tdng so
9.300 hoan thanh dugc ehi tieu nay, trong do
4.500, khdng tham thap gi. Do do tir thang
187 dang bg ket nap them sd dang vien mdi
10 nam 2005 din thang 10 nam 2006, SPD
du bii eho sd ra di.
da giam di 25.000 dang vien. Sd ngudi xin ra
khdi dang d at roi vao thdi ky 2003-2004. Lien minh Dan ehu Thien Chiia giao
N I U nhu nam 1998, khi Schroeder len nim (CDU) cung nim trong tinh trang khdng
- 10 NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°02 (125)
sang sua hon la bao. Neu nhu eudi nam 2005 dung Cuong ITnh Chinh tri va Dieu le ciia
dang nay cd 571.000 dang vien, thi cudi nam Dang minh nhim dat duge cac muc tieu
2006 chi cdn 559.000, ehi ngang mire nam chiln luge, cao nhit la gianh quyen lap chinh
1974. Trong khi dd, vao thdi ky eudi ciia ky phu, tire trd thanh dang eim quyen. Dang vdi
nguyen Helmut Kohl (1998), CDU ed tu each dai dien eho Igi ich eiia mdt giai cap
626.000 dang vien (nhieu hon hien nay hay mot ting ldp xa hdi da biin ehuyen
67.000). Nguyen nhan suy giam la nhieu thanh dang eiia toan dan, chi cd nhu vay mdi
dang vien xin ra dang hoac chet ma khdng cd ed thi gianh dugc da so phieu bau eua eir tri
ngudi bd sung. Van de nguy kieh ciia CDU dl gianh quyin lap ehinh phu.
la d chd, phan Idn sd ngudi ra di do deu
So lugng cac chinh dang tham gia
thude khdi cir tri gde thude giai cap tu san:
Chinh phii Lien bang qua cac thdi ky la kha
19%) sd ngudi ra khdi dang la cac ehii nghiep
Idn. Viec phan tich cuong ITnh va he thdng
dde lap va 37%) la edng chiic. Day la lan dau
ehinh sach eua eae ehinh dang then chdt d
tien sd lugng dang vien cua CDU nam dudi
Dire ciing da ed the giiip cd duge nhiing
miic 560.000 la "gidi han ky di" (magic
nhan dinh diing dan ve khuynh hudng tu
border). Do do, trong dai hdi dang tai
tudng (ta khuynh, hiiu khuynh hay trung
Dresden nam 2007, Tdng Thu ky dang
dung) cua timg chinh dang; Mat khac giup ta
Ronald Pofalla keu ggi trien khai mdt ehien
cd dugc nhiing hinh dung khai quat ve mot
dich phat trien dang vien mdi, va Ban Chap
he thdng dan chu da dang dien hinh cua chau
hanh Trung uong Dang khdng the khoanh
Au, trong dd cac dang eanh tranh hoa binh
tay ngdi yen trude tinh trang suy thoai nay.
vdi nhau bang mdt trinh do van hoa cao vi
Ong ndi: "Ddy la mot ddu hieu cita sir nggo
mdt xa hdi dan ehii, phat trien, edng bang,
mgn vd mii ni che tai, khi mot chinh ddng
thinh vugng va van minh.
todn ddn cit dieng y ra day truae thiec trgng
ddng budn ". Tai lieu tham khao
1. Beyme, Klaus v.: Pareien im Wandel
Kiim diim lai lich sir cac dang chinh tri
(Cdc ehinh ddng dang biin ehuyin).
hien dai tir sau nam 1945, cd the thay eae
Wiesbaden. 2000.
chinh dang Diie, dae biet la cae dang Idn va
eae dang eim quyen hoac tham chinh nhu 2. Dittbemer, J.: "Sind die Parteien
CDU, SPD, FDP, PDS v.v., diu ed nhiing noch retten?" (Lieu cdn ciru dieoc ede chinh
dilu ehinh d nhiing miic do khae nhau ndi ddng khong?). Berlin, 2004.
Http://www.diewelt.de, 28/11/2006.
- Van ite "^AnJ^ ta 11
3. Ismayr, W. (ed.): Die politischen 8. Luong Van Ke: The giai da chieu. Ly
Systeme Westeuropas. Leske + Budrich, thuyet vd kinh nghiem nghien cieu khu virc.
Opladen, 2003. Ha Ndi 2007.
4. Luang Van Ke: Budc ngogt chinh tri 9. Wiesendahl, E.: Mitgliederparteien
thie hai cita lich sie Dice duong dgi. Tap ehi am Ende? (Cdc ehinh ddng sap cdo chung?).
Nghien ciin Chau Au, 6 (24)/1998, tr. 37-45. Wiesbaden, 2006.
5. Luong Van Ke: Bice tranh lich sie 10. Zehetmair, H. (ed.): Das deutsche
phdt trien eiia he thong ddng chinh tri hien Parrteiensystem (He thong chinh ddng Dice).
dgi a Cong hod Lien bang Diec, Tap ehi Wiesbaden. 2004.
Nghien eiiu Chau Au, 1 (67) 2006, tr. 26-33.
11. http://www.Die-Linke.de/
6. Luong Van Ke: Con duang tra thdnh
12. http://spiegel.de/
ddng cam quyen Men dgi cita Lien minh Ddn
13. http://www.zeit.de/
chit Thien Chita gido (CDU) a CHLB Dice,
Tap ehi Nghien eim Chau Au, 7 (73), 2006, 14. http://www.welt.de/
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15. http://www.spd.de/
7. Luang Van Ke: Con duang trd thdnh
16. http://www.karlsruhe2010.edu.de/
ddng cdm quyen hien dgi cita Ddng xd hoi
17. http://wikipedia.org/
dan chit (SPD) a CHLB Diec, Tap ehi
Nghien ciiu Chau Au, 2 (77) 2007, tr. 15-26. 18. http://www.politiknews.org/
nguon tai.lieu . vn
