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  1. s o OAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC TIM HIEU NANG LOG SAN XUAT GUA GAG D A N T O G THIEU SO TAY BAG QUA MUC DIGH GUA SAN XUAT NONG NGHIEP VQ Dung Vien Tdm ly hgc. Su phat trien kinh te ciia cac dan tdc thieu sd Tay Bac phu thudc rai nhieu vao nang lire to chiic san xuai ciia ho. Nang lire td chirc san xuai ndng nghiep cua cac dan tdc quyet dinh hieu qua cua boat ddng trdng trot, chan nudi va cac nghe phu. Thirc te cho tha'y, trong bdi canh phat trien kinh te thi trudng hien nay, nhirng gia dinh nao biei tinh toan, biei td chuc san xuai tdt, biet chuyen doi co cau vat nudi, cay trdng thi se lam an cd hieu qua, d^t dugc hieu qua kinh te cao. Trong khudn khd de tai cap Nha nudc nghien ciiu nhirng dac diem tam ly ciia cac dan tdc thieu so Tay Bdc do Vien Tam ly hoc thuc hie"!' (2006 - 2008), chiing tdi da nghien ciiu nang luc san xuai cua cac dan tdc. Trong bai bao nay chiing tdi chi trinh bay mdt khia canh the hien cua nang lire to chiic san xuai. Dd la muc dich cua hoat ddng san xuai cua cac dan tdc thieu sd'Tay Bdc. Nhu chung ta da biei, san xuai truydn thd'ng ciia cac dan tdc la each thiic san xuai mang tinh tu cap, tu tiic. Muc dich ciia n6n san xuai nay la trdng trot, chan nudi chu yeu phuc vu cho cude sdng sinh hoat hang ngay cua gia dinh. Mot cau hdi dugc dat ra la: Muc dich sdn xuat ciia cdc ddn tgc hien nay cd thay ddi khdng ? Cdc gia dinh sdn xud't nham muc dich gi ? Dudi day la kei qua dieu tra ve van de nay. Phan tfch sd lieu bang 1 cho tha'y: TAP CHI TAMLy HOC, S d l 2 (129), 12-2009
  2. s o DAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC Sd y kien cho la muc dich san xuai chu yeu c7;/ de diing cho gia dinh chiem mdt ty le kha Idn (gan 40%) so ngudi dugc hdi, ty le cau tra Idi clni yeu de bdn chiem miic do thap nhai, cao nhai la y kien cho rdng san xuai de vira dung, vira ban. Nhu vay, tinh chai ciia nen san xuai hang hoa the hien rai thap va san xuai vin mang tinh chai tu cung, tu cap. Khi den nghien ciiu tai thi tran It Ong, huyen Mudng La, tinh Son La - noi dang xay dung thuy dien Son La, chiing tdi nhan tha'y. nhieu gia dinh ngudi Thai cd \ardn, rudng khdng trdng rau ban cho cdng nhan xay dung thuy dien ma cho cac gia dinh ngudi Kinh tir xudi len thue de' trdng rau ban va hg thu dugc Igi nhuan tir boat ddng trdng rau nay la kha Idn. Trong khi dd cac gia dinh ngudi Thai trdng rau quanh nha, d vudn chil yeu de phuc vu cho bira an hang ngay ciia gia dinh. Hoat ddng mua ban thuc pham d chg thi tran cQng rai sdi ddng, song nhirng ngudi ban thuc phdm (thit Ign. trau, bd...) chit yeu lai la nhirng ngudi Kinh d dudi xudi len. Cac dan tdc thieu sd (chu yeu la dan tdc Thai) da khdng tan dung dugc Igi the dia ban sinh sdng, dai dai cua minh dd kinh doanh theo hudng san xuai hang boa. Bdng 1: Muc dich ciia sdn xud't ndng nghiep TT Muc dich Chi de diing De diing va De ban la (%) de ban (%) chii yeu (%) . .1 Trdng liia 58,1 40,7 1,2 ' 2 Trdng rau 80.4 19.2 0.5 3 Trong cay an qua 53.8 33,5 12.6 4 Chan nudi 23,9 55.2 21,0 5 .Nghe phu 20.9 18.9 60.2 Chung 39.5 44,6 15,9 Trong sd cac ITnh vuc san xuai thi ta tha'y trdng rau chii yeu la de diing, sau dd den trdng Ida va trdng cay an qua. Loai hlnh san xuai cd tinh chai hang boa cao nhai la cac nghe phu. 6 mdt sd thdn ban ciia Tay Bdc do hgc tap duoc d ngudi Kinh, nhieu gia dinh dan tdc thieu sd da biet trdng cac cay cdng nghiep nhu: thao qua, cam, quyt... de' ban cho cac tinh mien xudi. Do vay, mirc sdng ciia hg dugc cai thien nhieu. Mgt chi sd quan trgng khac phan anh tinh chai tu cung, tu cap ciia nen san xuai d cac dan tdc thieu sd d Tay Bdc hien nay la chi phi cho san xuai. Qua ket qua Dieu tra co ban ve kinh te - xii hdi ciia cac dan tdc do Vien Dan tdc hoc TAP CHI'TAM LY HOC. Sd 12 (129). 12 - 2009
  3. s o OAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC tie'n hanh nam 1999 cho tha'y, miic chi phi cho san xuai ciia cac dan tdc rai thap. Qua dieu tra 2.038 hd gia dinh thi da sd cd miic chi phi cho san xuat dudi 500.000d/nam. Bdng 2: Chi phi cho sdn xudt ciia cdc ddn tgc (Blnh quan cho mdt hd gia dinh trong mdt nam) So TT Miic chi (dong) Sd ho Tyle(%) 1 Dudi 500.000 1165 57,16 2 Tir 500.000- 1.000.000 425 21,00 3 Tir 1.000.000-2.000.000 328 16,09 4 Tir 2.000.000-5.000.000 117 5,75 Dieu dang chu y la phan Idn sd tidn chi phi nay deu dung de mua gidng vat nudi cay trdng (gidng thdc, ga, Ign...), sau dd mdi de'n mua sam ndng cii san xuai, cac chi phi ve phan bdn, thudc trir sau khdng dang ke. Dudi day la chi phi mua bd cdng cu san xuai ciia cac hd gia dinh. Bdng 3: Chi phi mua bg cdng cu sdn xud't ciia cdc hd gia dinh S6TT Chi phi mua (don v| tinh la dong) Tyle(%) 1 Dudi 100.000 15.86 2 Tir 100.000 - 200.000 17,29 3 Tir 200.000 - 500.000 39,63 4 Tir 500.000- 1.000.000 16.63 5 Tir 1.000.000-2.000.000 3,57 6 Tir 2.000.000-5.000.000 2.03 Vdi sd lieu bang tren ta thay chi phi cho bd cdng cu san xuai cua cac hd gia dinh rat thap. 6 hau hei cac hd gia dinh lam nuong rdy, mot bd phan lam Ilia nudc, cdng cu san xuai chi la bd cay, bira, cude, xeng, liem. Tinh theo gia tri blnh quan chua dugc 200.000 d. Tuy nhien, do yeu cau cua san xuai va sinh boat d nhidu viing, cd mdt sd hd gia dinh da cd may phat dien, may xay sat, may nghien thu'c an gia sue, may cua... Theo sd lieu thd'ng ke so bd trong sd 19 xa ciia tinh Son La va Lai Chau dugc khao sat cd 844 may phat dien, 319 ddng co chay xang dau, 364 may xay sat, 38 may tudi lua, 12 may nghidn thiic an gia siic, 6 may cua. Ddng co xang dau de gdn vao thuyen may chay tren sdng Da, may phat dien la may thuy dien chay nudc de thdp sang. TAP CHI TAM LY HOC. Sd 12 (129), 12 - 2009
  4. s o DAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC Mdt chi sd khac phan anh nang luc san xuai cda cac dan tdc thieu sd la cdc ngudn thu nhap ciia cac dan tdc. Ket qua dieu tra the hien d bang 4. Tir sd lieu bang 4 cho tha'y: Ngudn thu nhap Idn nhai cua cac dan tdc la tir trdng liia vd chdn nudi, trong dd trdng lua chiem vi tri hang ddu. Neu tinh trung binh thi ngudn thu tii Ilia chiem 34,4% va thu tir chan nudi chiem 26,2%. Nhu da phan tich d tren, trdng Ilia cua cac dan tdc tir lam rudng va lam nuong rdy, trong dd nuong rdy chiem vi tri quan trgng. Vdi ky thuat canh tac thd so, dieu kien cham bdn ban che (do thieu vd'n, hieu biet ve ky thuat cham bdn ban che, thieu nudc...), do dat dai bac mau vi rirng bi tan pha nhidu... nen nang suat cua trdng lua thap. Cdn ve chan nudi ta thay chii yeu de lay sire keo, thd hang va dap irng nhu cau thuc pham de phuc vu cac ngay Id, gia dinh cd viec Idn va cho sinh boat hang ngay. Tinh chat hang boa cua chan nudi the hien rat md nhat. Vdi tinh chat nhu vay cua trdng liia va chan nudi, nhung day lai la hai ngudn thu chfnh cua ddng bao thi ngudn thu nhap cua cac gia dinh la rat ban che. Bdng 4: Ngudn thu nhap cua cdc ddn tgc thieu sd (So sanh theo cac dan tdc) TT Nguon thu Dantdc(%) Thai Mirdng H'mdng Tay Dao Niing 1 Trong lua 38,5 35,4 38,6 30,5 33,7 30,0 2 Chan nudi 23,3 27,9 23,1 30,7 27,4 25,1 3 Khai thac rirng 2,4 3,3 4,7 4,2 7,7 6,4 4 Trong rau mau 20,0 16,3 16,0 14,0 10,9 9,2 5 Trong cay an qua 5,1 10,3 8,0 11,4 9,9 11,3 6 Hoat ddng dich vu 0,7 1,1 0,9 0,9 0,4 1,4 7 Lam ngh6 phu 0,9 0,9 1,9 4,2 7,1 8 Buon ban 1,3 0,5 1,1 1,7 1,4 9 Khac (tiei kiem, 7,9 5,7 7,3 5,3 4,1 8,0 ngudi khac giiip dd) Neu so sanh giira cac dan tdc ta thay dan tdc Tay, Nung cd hieu qua san xuai tdt hon khi ty le thu nhap tir chan nudi, trdng cay an qua, lam nghe phu cao hon cac dan tdc khac. Dieu dang chii y la, mdt sd nganh cd y nghia quan trgng ddi vdi viec phat trien kinh te gia dinh theo hudng hang hoa la cac hoat ddng nhu: dich vii, budn ban, lam nghe phu - nhirng nganh nghe cd hieu qua cao hon nhieu so vdi san xuat thuan ndng lai chiem ty Id rat thap trong thu nhap cua ngudi dan. TAPCHI'TAM LYHpC, Sd 12 (129), 12 - 2009
  5. s o DAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC Ngudn thu tir dich vu la 0,9%, tir budn ban la 1,2%; va tir nganh nghe phu la 3,0%. Day la mdt minh chiing thuyet phuc phan anh nen kinh te tieu ndng mang tfnh tu cung, tu cap cao cua cac dan tdc thieu sd Tay Bdc, phan anh nang lire san xuai ban che ciia cac dan tdc thieu sd. De lam rd hon dieu nay chiing ta se tham khao thdm hai cbi sd khac la mifc do de ddnh va tu ddnh gid vc' mifc sdng ciia cac dan tdc. Bdng 5: Mifc do de ddnh ciia cdc ddn tdc (trong mot ndm) TT Mirc do de danh Dant6c(%) Chung Thai Mudng H'mdng Tay Dao Nung 1 Cd de danh dugc 34,7 23,3 44,3 49,8 43,8 46,2 40,3 2 Khdng de danh dugc 65,3 76,7 55,7 50,2 56,2 53,8 59,7 Tir so lieu bang tren cho thay da sd ngudi dan dugc bdi khdng de danh dugc tien bac tir boat ddng san xuat ciia gia dinh. Ty le gia dinh cd de danh dugc khdng nhieu. Kei qua dieu tra cho thay, sd gia dinh cd de danh dugc thi miic de danh cao nhat pho bien cua cac dan tdc la tir 2.000.000d - 3.000.000d/ nam/ mdt gia dinh. Bdng 6: Cdc ddn tgc tif ddnh gid mifc sdng ciia minh TT Mirc sdng Dan tdc (%) Chung Thai Mudng H'mdng Tay Dao Nung 1 Thira an 8,5 11,0 8,3 14,6 10,2 16,5 11,5 2 Dii an 53,2 54,5 64,7 60,1 62,4 71,7 61,1 3 Thieu an 34,8 32,9 25,9 20,8 25.6 9,8 25,0 4 Rai thieu an 3,5 1,5 1,1 4,5 2,0 2,0 2,4 Miic sdng la mdt chi bao quan trgng ve nang lire san xuat ciia cac dan tdc. Chiing tdi da tlm hieu tu danh gia miic sdng cua cac dan tdc. Tat nbidn, sir danh gia nay chi mang tfnh tuong ddi. Dii sao day vdn la mdt chi sd cdn dugc quan tam khi phan tfch nang lire sdn xuat ciia cac dan tdc thic'u sd. Phan tfch sd lieu bang 6 cho thay: Da sd cac gia dinh ddng bdo dan tdc thie'u sd cho rdng hg dii an, cd mdt ty le dang ke cd miic sdng thira an (11,5%). Tuy vay, ty le cdc gia dinh thieu an vdn chiem tdi 1/4 sd gia dinh dugc hdi. Ty le hd ngheo trong cugc dieu tra ciia chung tdi vdn cao so vdi ty le hd ngheo vd rat ngheo trong cugc dieu tra co bdn TAP CHI'TAM LY HOC, Sd 12 (129), 12 - 2009
  6. s o DAC BIET KY NIEM 20 NAM NGAY THANH LAP VIEN TAM LY HOC ciia Vien Dan tdc hgc thuc hien nam 1999. Tai cugc dieu tra nay ty le hd ngheo la 19,5% va rat ngheo la 3,8%. Mdt sd tieu chf phdn anh miic sdng ciia cac hd nhu sau: - Ho thifa dn (kha): nha san gd, vach gd, Igp ngdi hoac tam Igp hoac nha dat cot ke hay nha ngdi vdi cac cu dan d nha dat. Nhd cd tivi, cd tir 5 con trau bd trd len, luong thuc binh quan 20 kg thdc/thdng. - Ho dii dn: nha san gd, vach gd, hoac nha dat xay tudng, Igp tranh. Trau bd cd tir 1-3 con. Luong thuc blnh quan ddu ngudi tir 12 - 15 kg thdc/ thang. - //o thieu dn vd rd't thieu dn: nha san hoac nha dat bdng tre, vach bdng tre hoac niia, Igp tranh, khdng cd trau bd, thu nhap luong thuc dudi 10 kg thdc/ thdng. Cdc hd ngheo thudng thie'u an dudi 3 thdng va rat ngheo thudng thieu an 4 thdng trd len. Hg phdi di lam thue, ft rudng vd nuong. Theo sd lieu thd'ng kd hdng nam cua Tong cue thd'ng kd cho thay khu vuc Tay Bdc vdn la khu vuc cd ty le hd ngheo cao nhat cd nudc. Tir nhirng phan tfch tren, cd the ndi san xuat ciia cac dan tdc vdn co ban la nen sdn xuat lac hau, nhd le, tu cung, tu cap, chua mang tfnh chat san xuat hdng hod mdt each rd net. Cdc gia dinh sdn xuat ra chu yeu vdn de' dung cho sinh hoat hdng ngay, phuc vu cdc ngdy le, cdc sinh boat tfn ngudng, tdn giao... Day la mdt nguydn nhan quan trgng ly gidi cho thirc trang ty le ngheo ddi cdn cao ciia khu vuc ndy hien nay d nudc ta. Tai lieu tham khao Bao cao tdng ket de tai khoa hoc cap Nha nudc "Nlulng dgc diem tdm ly ca bdn ciia cdc ddn tdc thieu sdTdy Bdc vd dnh hudng ciia cluing den sif dn dinh vd phdt trien kinh te- xd hdi d khu vifc ndy" (2009) do GS.TS. Vu Dung lam chu nhiem. TAP CHI' TAM LY HOC. Sd 12 (129), 12 - 2009
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