Xem mẫu
- KHAC PHUC Y^U J6 PHI THJ TRl/dNG TRONG N^N KINH T£
VIET NAM HIEN NAY
N g u y e n Van Lich *
1. Boi eanh WTO. Viet Nam da co nhiing cai each dang
Qua trinh ddi mdi kinh te d nUdc ta tU ke theo hUdng thi trUdng. Viec gia nhap
nam 1986 den nay dUdc the hien tap trung WTO eua Viet Nam vao ngay 11 thang 1
nhat d hai npi dung chu yeu: (1) Chuyen doi nam 2007 the hien sii cong nhan quo'c te do!
nen kinh t e k e hoaeh hoa tap trung sang nen vdi qua trinh cai each kinh te ciia Viet Nam.
kinh te hang hoa van hanh theo cd che thj Tuy nhien. qua trinh cai each KTTT dien
trUdng (2) md ciia hpi nhap vdi nen kinh te ra con cham so v6i cam ket hpi nhap va mUc
the gidi. Day la budc dot pha ve tU duy kinh
dp tu do hoa thUdng mai. Khung khd phap ly
te lam chuyen bien nen kinh te nUde ta
eon thieu va ehUa ddng bp, chUa thiic sii
trong hdn 20 nam qua. ThU nhat, doan tuyet
vdi ed ehe tap trung quan lieu bao cap, kim minh bach va de dii doan, van eon phan biet
ham sii phat trien liic lUdng san xuat. Hai giUa cac thanh phan kinh te, hien tiidng
la, tU bd quan diem phat trien kinh te theo tham nhiing tran lan, eo bieu hien gia tang
kieu khep kin, dong ciia, tU cap, tii tue. xu hudng bao hp, quay ve ed che quan ly tap
trung quan lieu, bao cap. Nhiing van de nay
Cai each kinh te theo djnh hiidng thi
trUdng d nUdc ta trong hdn 20 nam qua, ve smh noi tren se can trd qua trinh day manh
cd ban, la phu hpp vdi nhUng nguyen tiic eua hpi nhap kinh te quo'c te cua niidc ta.
kinh te thi triidng va hpi nhiip kinh te quoc NhUng ban che trong phat trien kmh te
te, dae biet la nguyen tac eua WTO. Do la thj trUdng d nUde ta liim ehd nen kinh te
qua trinh tao diing cd sd boat dpng eho mot tang trUdng chUa ben vUng. sai lech trong
nen kinh te thj trUdng thUe sii: gia ea ve ed ddu tu va phan bo nguon liie. ma he qua la
ban dii la gia thi triidng, lai suat eiing da do tao ra mot ed eau kmh te khong hdp ly. Sii
thj trUdng xac dinh, ty gia tiing biide dUde yeu kem cua nen kmh te thj trUdng eon la
dieu chinh linh boat theo thj trUdng, cac loai nguyen nhan gay mat dn dinh kmh te, phat
thj trUdng da hinh thanh va ngay cang ddng sinh nhieu hien tUdng tieu cUc nhU tham
bp hdn, cac quyen kinh doanh da dUde md nhiing, ddu cd, buon lau. Tinh chat kem
rpng ro ret, cac chu the kinh doanh da phat
hcan had cua kinh te thj trUdng lam tram
trien da dang, cac thj triidng da md ciia hpi
trpng them cac van de xa hoi nhii gia tang
nhiip quoc te d mUe dp nhat dinh. Khung
khoang each giau ngheo, tha hoa bien chat d
kho phap luat dang diide hoan thien theo
hudng day du ro rang va de dii doan hdn. mot bp phan can bp, Dae biet, trong ngan
Nang liie quan ly va dieu hanh ciia Chinh ban, viee ehiia eo nen kmh te thi trUdng day
phu ngay eang tot hdn va hieu qua hdn. du da lam eho Viet Nam d vao the bat Idi
Trong nhiing nam gan day, dUdi siic ep Nguyen Vftn Lich, (-"ho Giao .si(, Tien sy, Vien
cua hpi nhap, dae biet la dam phan gia nhap trUdng Vien Nghien ciiii ThUdng niai.
$628(9+10^009) OUAN LY KINH Tf
- nm NGHIEN ClAJ - TRAO DOI KHAC PHUC YEU TO PHI THI TRLTONG TRONG N£N KINH ri VIET NAM HI^N NAY
trong eanh tranh thUdng mai qudc te. hi rieng. tdng hdp lai dam bao rdng cac nguon
phan biet ddi xd trong cac vu kien ban liie kinh te dUdc phan bd va sU dung mot
pha gia. each hieu qua nhat. Gia ca trong nhiing nen
kmh te nhU vay co xu hudng phan anh ca
Bai viet nay se tap trung vao viec nhan
tinh hinh nhu cau Idn tinh khan hiem tUdng
dang cac yeu td phi thj trUdng eua nen kmh
doi eiia cac nguon liic cho san xuat.
te Viet Nam, nhUng tac dpng cua tinh trang
kinh te phi thi trUdng ddi vdi phat tnen kmh Mot thude do quan trpng trong viee danh
te xa hpi va hpi nhap kmh te quoc te. Tren gia miic dp kiem scat ciia Chinh phu doi v6i
cd sd do de xuat cac giai phap hoan thien the cac quyet dinh san xuat va phan bo ngudn
ehe kinh te thj trUdng nUdc ta. khac phuc lue la miic dp tham gia cua Chinh phu trong
cac yeu to' phi thj trUdng trong nen'kinh te qua trinh phan bd vo'n. Ne'u coi ngan hang la
Viet Nam hien nay, nhdm hUdng tdi mot nen cac nha eung cap vo'n quan trpng, thi viee
kinh te thi trUdng hien dai. Chinh phii tien hanh kiem soat khu vUc
ngan hang thiidng mai nhii the nae la mot
2. Mot so yeu to mang tinh chat "phi yeu to'can diide xem xet. ThU hai la dinh gia
thi triidng" trong nen kinh te Viet Nam va cuoi cung la tham gia ciia nha nUde vao
hien nay.
boat dpng kmh doanh.
2.1 Moi trUdng kinh doanh. Hien nay, miic dp can thiep cua Chinh
Moi trUdng kinh doanh d nUdc ta da dUde phu con kha Idn trong linh viic ngan hang va
cai thien dang ke trcng 20 nam doi mdi. dinh gia. trong hoat dpng kinh doanh cua
Quyen kmh doanh thUdng mai da diide thUa eae doanh nghiep nha niidc. Mac dii Chinh
nhan doi vdi tat ca cac ca nhan, doanh phu da C nhUng bUdc tai cO cau linh vUc
O
nghiep va to ehUe. ke ea eae doanh nghiep ngan hang de phu hdp vdi quy dinh cua Quy
dau tu niidc ngoai. Luat Dau tU va Luat Tien te Quoc te, song toe dp cai each cham
Doanh nghiep ban hanh nam 2005 dii md chap trong khu viic ngan hang thUdng mai,
rpng quyen kmh doanh va dau tii cho eae va viec Chinh phii duy tri sii hien dien dang
chii the kinh te. Vdi viec trd thanh thanh ke, nam giU tdi 70% de'n 80% khu viic nay,
vien WTO, Viet Nam da. ban hanh Quy che la nhUng nguyen nhan gay nen tinh trang
diii ngd qudc gia va Quy che toi hue quo'c. phan biet doi xii ve kha nang tiep can cac
Tuy nhien, tren thUc te van con sU phan biet nguon vo'n tii ngan hang. Khu vUc tii nhan
doi xU giUa eae thanh phan kinh te, chu yeu mdi tang trUdng, chu yeu bao gdm cac doanh
la giiia doanh nghiep nha nUde, doanh nghiep viia va nhd, la bp phan cau thanh
nghiep tu nhan va doanh nghiep FDI. Dieu day an tUdng cua nen kinh te Viet Nam. Tuy
nay lam eho moi trUdng eanh tranh trd nen nhien, do Chinh phu van co sii dieu'hanh
khong binh dang. Kho khan trong tiep can dang ke ddi vdi lai suat va cac chinh sach
cac ngudn lUe, ehu yeu la vo'n va dat dai lam cho vay. nen khu viic nay vdn bi han ehe
cho sU eanh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep tU trong viec tiep can cac khoan tin dung can
nhan vdi cac doanh nghiep nha niidc trd nen thiet de duy tri sU tang trUdng lien tue phii
khong binh dang. hdp v6i cac nguyen tdc ciia met nen kinh te
thi trudng. Mac dii linh viic ngan hang chi
2.2 Mdc dp can thiep cua Chinh phu chiem 1/4 tdng tiet kiem eiia Viet Nam, song
vdo viec phdn bo nguon liCc, bao gom nhUng kiem soat theo luat djnh va tren thiie
ddt dai, von, tdi nguyen, lao dpng. te ma Chinh phii duy tri da han che hnh viic
Phan quyen cac quyet djnh kinh te la mot ngan hang trong viec phat tnen thanh mot
tieu chuiin cua eae nen kinh te thj triidng, trung gian tai chinh thiic sii. Cuoi cung, mac
trong do, tat ca cac quyet djnh doe liip ve gia du gia ca da dupe tii do hoa mot thdi gian
ca va san lUdng, ngudn dau vad, va dau tii dang ke. GPG vdn duy tri quyen kiem soat
cua eae ca nhiin vii cong ty phuc vu Idi ich tuy y doi vrti gui ea trong cac Hnh viie ngoai
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nhUng linh vUe dien h i n h dupe xem la dpe 2.4 Tinh chdt phi thi tritdng d thi
quyen tU nhien. tritdng lao dpng
2.3 Van de sd hitu tdi sdn, dae biet Id Hien nay, tien lUdng/cong ve cd ban da
ddt dai dupe dinh theo eae nguyen tac thj trUdng
trong boat dpng s a n xuat k m h ddanh eua
Dat dai la mot trong nhUng yeu to' san
khu viic t u n h a n . Tuy nhien, t r c n g khu viic
xuat q u a n trpng. Neu yeu to nay khong dUde
kinh te N h a nUdc va dae biet la khu viic
thj trUdng hda se lam a n h hUdng den hieu
h a n h ehinh van m a n g n a n g tinh ap dat,
qua san x u a t kinh doanh, gay nen sii bat
thieu khoa hpe va phi thi trUdng. Dieu nay
binh dang giUa cac ehu t h e k i n h doanh, ehu
da lam eho khu viic k m h te Nha nUdc kem
yeu la giUa doanh nghiep n h a nUdc va doanh
n a n g dpng. bp may N h a niide lam viee kem
nghiep tU n h a n .
hieu qua. nay s m h nhieu hien tUdng tieu
Theo Quyet djnh eua Hoa Ky ve tinh eiie. gay bat binh d a n g trong p h a n phoi thu
t r a n g kinh te thi trUdng/phi thi trUdng eua n h a p . NhUng tac dpng tieu ciic eua he tho'ng
Viet N a m eung dUa ra n h a n xet r a n g quyen tien lUdng nUde ta cung a n h hiidng den cai
tu do chuyen nhUdng va tiep can thi trUdng
each thj trUdng, ehii dpng hpi n h a p k m h te
bat dpng san la nhUng n h a n to'chu cho't cua
quoc te.
sd hUu dat dai tU n h a n . O Viet N a m , khong
C quyen sd hUu d a t dai tU n h a n va Chinh
O Trong Quyet dinh eua Hoa Ky ve tinh
phu hien van chUa b a t dau chUdng trinh tU t r a n g kinh te thj triidng/phi thj trUdng eiia
n h a n boa quyen nay. T a t ea tai nguyen dat Viet N a m . phia Hoa Ky cho r a n g Chinh phii
thupc ve "toan dan" nhUng lai dupe quan ly Viet N a m con duy tri mot su kiem soat ve
bdi Nha niidc. Chinh phu eho t h u e dat va m a t p h a p ly doi vdi mot so' mUe liidng; dieu
trao eho cac ea n h a n va cong ty mot so'quyen nay eo the a n h hUdng den viee tU do thoa
sii d u n g d a t b a n che, con viec chuyen t h u a n giiia n h a tuyen d u n g va ngiidi lao
nhiidng va chuyen muc dich sii d u n g dat dpng, rut cue a n h hiidng den viee tao t h a n h
hoan toan phu thupc vao viee xem xet va giii ea. Tuy nhien, trong mot miie dp n h a t
cha']) thuiin eua Nha niide. dinh. sU kiem soiit vd miit phiip ly khong
diide thue thi nhii'l quiin. do do, tren thUe te,
Thj trUdng b a t dpng san nUde ta bude
mot thj trUdng lao dpng tii do da p h a t trien.
dau da di vao boat dpng, tuy nhien ed sd
Khong eho phep thoa t h u a n tU do ve tien
phap ly eho sii boat dpng eo hieu qua thi
liidng giUa ngiidi lao dpng va nha quan ly lao
trUdng nay cdn nhieu b a t cap. Dieu nay lam
dpng do C sU kiem soat ciia Chinh phu do'i
O
cho cong tac q u a n ly gap nhieu kho k h a n .
vdi eae moi q u a n he giUa ngUdi lao dpng va
Thj triidng n h a d a t trong thdi gian gan day
nha q u a n ly lao dpng, P h a p luat lao dpng
thieu sU q u a n ly nen da xay ra tinh t r a n g
dxiac ban hiinh gan day eung vdi eae sda ddi
sot ao. Hciu qua nay a n h hiidng den boat
bo s u n g da lam phUe t a p t h e m eae moi q u a n
dpng eua toan bp nen kinh te, ro n h a t la
he lao dpng. Chinh phu b a n che viee phd
linh viic ngan h a n g .
bien thong t m ve tinh t r a n g thi trUdng lao
Su kem p h a t trien hien nay eua thi dpng. Cac doanh nghiep eo vo'n dau tU niidc
trUdng bat dpng s a n da gay ra nhUng thiet ngoai bj h a n ehe trong viee tuyen dung t n i c
hai to Idn: Khong eo tai s a n the chap de thj tiep lao dpng va phai tra mUe liidng toi thieu
trUdng tien te, tai chinh h e a t dpng; TrUdc cao hdn.
day, gia dat n h a niide quy dinh d mUe thap,
khong sat vdi gia thj trUdng lam nay sinh 2.5 Dong tien Viet Nam chUa co tinh
nhieu tieu ciic. TU t h a n g 7/2004 L u a t Dat chuyen doi ddng ke tren cd cdc tdi
dai mdi eo hieu lUe thi gia n h a nUde djnh lai khodn vdng lai cung nhu tdi khoan vdn
cao, thu tue giao djch phiic tap, t h u e chuyen Tinh chuyen ddi eua ddng tien hi mot diic
nhupng khong ro r a n g . triing bet sUe q u a n trpng phiin linh trinh do
Sdi 28 (9+10/2009) OUAN LY KINH TC
- vim NGHIEN ClAJ - TRAO DOI KHAC PHUC YEU TO PHI THI TRLTONG TRONG NEN KINH TE VIET NAM HIEN NAY
p h a t t n d n eua thi trUdng va hpi n h a p quoc d u n g q u a mUe. de doa sii a n t o a n ciia he
te. Tdng gia trj x u a t n h a p k h a u eua Viet tho'ng n g a n h a n g . Thj trUdng chiing khoan
N a m da vUpt tdng GDP, n g u d n vo'n nUdc s u t g i a m n g h i e m t r p n g s a u k h i t a n g ao gay
ngoai ke ca FDI, ODA, kieu hoi da chiem tii nen t a m ly lo l a n g do'i vdi cac n h a d a u tU.
40-50% tdng gia tri d a u tU p h a t trien t u y H o a t dpng ciia thj triidng n a y chUa the hien
theo tUng nam, trong dieu kien do VND dupe vdi t u each la mot k e n h h u y dpng vdn
ehUa chuyen ddi dUde la mot b a n che Idn va hieu qua. Thi trUdng b a t dpng san tang
da khong p h a n a n h dUdc thiic te p h a t trien trUdng q u a ndng. gay m a t dn d i n h eho eae
thi trUdng d nUde ta. thj trUdng k h a c nhii tien te, l a m giam hieu
qua d a u tU cho s a n x u a t va k i n h doanh. Cac
Trong Quyet dinh eiia Hoa Ky ve tinh
loai thi trUdng k h a c nhii lao dpng, khoa hpc
t r a n g k m h te thi triidng/phi thi trUdng eua
cong n g h e con q u a sO k h a i . ehiia c6 ed sd
Viet Nam, phia Hoa Ky eho rdng, ddng tien
p h a p ly day du, l a m eho lao dpng va cac san
Viet Nam, tien ddng, ehUa h o a n toan co k h a
p h d m k h o a hpe ehiia diide tU do t r a o ddi tren
niing chuyen doi, va phai chiu cac h a n che
thi trUdng. T i n h k h o n g ddng bp eiia cac loai
d a n g ke trong viec sii dung, c h u y e n nhiidng
thi trUdng la mot t r o n g nhUng n g u y e n n h a n
va xac djnh ty giii hoi doiii. Do vay. Viet
gay m a t on d i n h n e n k m h te trong thdi
N a m van chiia t u a n t h u cac nghia vu eua
gian qua.
Dieu VIII cua IMF, trong do yeu eau khii
niing chuyen doi hoan toan doi vdi tai k h o a n 2.7 Tinh minh bach cda chinh sach
vang lai, dieu ma t a t ea eae nUdc gan day kinh te vd tinh duC dodn cua cdc quyet
dupe cong n h a n eo nen k m h te thj trUdng da dinh thi tritdng con han che
thUe hien xong. Phia Hoa Ky diinh giii la
K h u n g p h a p l u a t Viet N a m eon thieu
mUc dp kha niing chuyen doi eua ddng tien
tinh ddng bp va t i n h tho'ng n h a t , chUa cu the
Viet Nam eon kem xa so vdi t a t ea ciic niide
va k h o n g chiit che. He tho'ng p h a p l u a t cua
gan diiy dUrie cong nhiin la co nen kinh te thj
niide ta v a n eon chiu a n h hUdng cua cd che,
trUdng. Cho du dii diU diidc nhUng tien bp
tu duy eua n e n k i n h te ke hoaeh t a p t r u n g
tich cUc ve kha niing chuyen doi cua dong
the hien d cho p h a p l u a t con q u a ehii trpng
tien. the hien biide tien diin tdi tu do hoa,
den hinh thUe sd hUu, t r o n g k h i quyen sd
nhiing nhin ehung, che dp ngoai hoi van
hUu va bao ve q u y e n sd hiiu con chiia thiie
diide bao hp tru'de cac tiie dpng thj triidng
sU ro r a n g va tinh cUdng che cua p h a p luat
khiich quan. Chinh siieh tien te hien niiy eua
vi\ hpp dong thiidng mai con chiia eao. Trong
Viet Nam khong diip Ung Ciie yeu eiui eim
nhieu khia eanh p h a p ly, viec q u a ehu trpng
thiet eua ty gui hoi doiii tren ed sd thi
tdi h i n h thUc sd hiiu da gop p h d n d a n g ke
trUdng. Tien dong ehUa h o a n toan eo k h a
trong viee duy tri mot cau t r u e thj trUdng
n a n g chuyen doi ddi vdi cac giao dich tiii
thieu t i n h Ciinh t r a n h va k h u y e n khich cac
khoan viing lai va tai k h o a n von va ty gia
h a n h vi p h a n e a n h t r a n h .
hoi doiii Viin eon bj ehinh p h u an djnh mot
ciieh hUu hieu. ChUe n a n g quiin ly vi mo cua C h i n h phu
va eae Bp. ed q u a n n g a n g Bp, cd q u a n thupc
2.6 Tinh khong dong bp cua cdc C h i n h phii ddi v6i q u a t r i n h cai each k i n h te,
thi tritdng
hpi n h a p qudc te n g a y c a n g diipc lam ro,
Dieu niiy the hien k h a ro trong nhUng p h a n djnh ro r a n g hOn, phii hpp vdi tien
n a m gtin diiy khi ma hoat dpng cua cac thj t r i n h cai each, hpi n h a p k i n h te qudc tehdn.
trudng n h u tien te, chUng khoan, d a t dai Su doi mdi to ehiic cac bp va cd q u a n n g a n g
liim nay smh Ciie van de lam m a t dn djnh bp n h d m niing eao hieu q u a quiin ly diipc the
lu'ii kinh te. Thi trUdng tin d u n g k h o n g du'pe hien dudi ciie h i n h thiic:!) siit n h a p cac
quan ly eliiit ehe ga>- tinii triing t a n g tm Bp/e(j (]u;in ng;mg Bp; 2) Tach mot B6/ed
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quan ngang Bp t h a n h hai hay nhieu Bp va 3) gian de eai each k m h te theo thi trUdng dap
Lap rieng eae Bp va cd q u a n n g a n g Bp mdi Ung yeu eau cua WTO. Hdn nUa van ecn
cho phu hpp vdi t i n h h i n h kinh te trong nUdc p h a n biet do'i xU trong WTO giUa cac nUdc
va trong boi eanh hpi n h a p . Tuy vay. tren k m h te thj triidng va cac niidc cong san
thiie te con eo nhieu cd quan/bp p h a n Chinh triicie day.
phu CO chiic n a n g t r u n g lap trong khi mot so' - Ba Id, mUc dp cat each kinh te thj triidng
bp phan eon thieu so vdi n h u eau thiie te. nUde ta con cham. Tii duy ve k m h te thi
gay mau t h u a n , chong cheo chUe n a n g va trUdng van chUa dUdc thong n h a t trong quan
thieu k h a n a n g thiic thi. diem va h a n h dpng thiie tien. Thieu kinh
nghiem ve q u a n ly kinh te trong boi eanh hpi
Hieu liic thiic thi p h a p l u a t d Viet N a m
n h a p va tii do hoa.
chUa cao do ye'u kem trong to chUe bp may.
nang liic dieu h a n h . Hieu lUc p h a p luat ehUa Trong dieu kien toan cau boa va hpi n h a p
cao, phep nUdc khong nghiem minh the hien kinh te quo'c te, nhUng yeu to phi thj trUdng
d tinh t r a n g mot bp p h a n can bp, cong chiie se lam ten hai khong nhd den sii p h a t trien
trong bp may n h a nUde sa siit ve p h a m chat eua nen kinh te Viet Nam, the hien d nhUng
khia eanh sau day:
dao dUe, hien tUdng t h a m nhiing phd bien.
Viec to chUe bp may n h a nUdc va viee phoi Thd nhd't, Viet Nam se phai doi pho vdi
hdp, dieu phoi giUa cac ed q u a n n h a nUde, tinh t r a n g iip t h u e chong biin pha giti doi vdi
lien bp con chUa hieu qua. nhip n h a n g . thieu h a n g hoa eua minh tai nhUng thi triidng cac
sii tho'ng n h a t vii sii tU nguyen ehung. He niidc ehiia cong n h a n Viet Nam la kinh te thj
tho'ng toa an cua Viet N a m , mac du da eo triidng. Dieu nay se gay bat Ipi dot vdi doanh
nghiep niide ta trong ei.mh t r a n h vdi h a n g
mot so'toa lin chuyen mon song nhin ehung
boa Ciie nUdc khac khi t h a m n h a p eae thj
eon yeu kem. Viet N a m eho den nay viin eon
trUdng noi tren. Thiic te eho thay, tU n a m
nhieu kho khiin do thieu ciie luat sU, thiim
2001 den nay, Viet Nam da phai doi pho vdi
phan diidc dao tao cd ban. Hdn nUa, trong
12 vu kien chong biin phii gia do Hoa Ky va
viec giai quyet cac t r a n h chii'p kinh te, trong
EU tien h a n h . Miic du Viet Nam co' chUng
nhieu trUdng hdp, trinh tU thUc hien va thi
m m h tinh chat thj trUdng eua nen kinh te,
h a n h p h a p l u a t hoae la mdi, chiia dUpc thd
nhiing cac vu kien do Viet Nam van t h a t bai
nghiem hoae la chiia co, vii do do kho eo the va ehju miic ap dat mUc t h u e ban pha gia.
du doan ket qua. Day CO the xem la tiie dpng trUe tiep nha't ciia
3. Mot s o n g u y e n n h a n t i n h t r a n g phi tinh t n m g phi thj trUdng eua nen kinh te.
thi triiofng ciia n e n k i n h te v a n h i i n g t a c Neu theo cam ket WTO, tinh t r a n g nay eon
d o n g ciia t i n h c h a t p h i t h i triicing d e n phai keo dai cho den 12/2018.
sii p h a t t r i e n c u a V i e t N a m . Thd hai, nhUng yeu to' phi thj trUdng cua
Tinh triing phi thi trUdng viin ton tiii nen kinh te niidc ta the hien mot trinh dp
trong nen kinh te Viet N a m nhii da neu tren t h a p eua p h a t trien kinh te thj trUdng eiia
xuat phiit tU 3 nguyen n h a n ehu yeu sau: Viet Nam hien nay. Dieu nay se anh hUdng
den chat lupng t a n g triidng vii tinh ben vUng
- Mot la, Viet N a m d a n g trong qua t r i n h
cua nen kinh te. Yeu to'phi thj trUdng se lam
chuyen sang kinh te thj trUdng tU mot nen sai lech trong p h a n bd dau tU, lam cham qua
kinh te tiip t r u n g bao cap. Dieu nay eo nghia trinh chuyen djch cd eau kinh te, gia tiing ehi
lii phai C thdi gian nha't djnh de hoan thien
O phi san xuii't, giam khii niing ciinh t r a n h eua
vii xiiy diing eae yeu to kinh te thj trUdng. hiing hca va djch vu. Nhieu du iin Idn cap
- Hai Id, Viet N a m la nUdc co nen kinh te quoc gia khong hoiit dpng hieu qua cung eo
tap t r u n g triidc day. Do do, theo q u a n diem nguyen nhiin tU sii phiin bo ngudn hie khong
cua mot so nUde trong WTO, phai eo mot thdi hd]) ly n h u ciie du iin mia dudng, xi niiing.
5628(9+10/2009) OUAN LY KINH li
- NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DO! KHAC PHUC YE'U TO PHI THI TRUONG TRONG N^N KINH T^ VIET NAM HIEN NAY
cang bien, khu cong nghiep tap trung... 4. Mot so giai phap khac phuc tinh
NhUng yeu td phi thi triidng cua nen kinh te phi thi triidng c u a n e n k i n h te
eon lam meo mo moi trUdng kinh doanh. tao Viet N a m
ra nhUng hien tUdng tieu ciic nhU tham 4.1 Tiep tue dot mdi tit duy ve kinh te
nhung, ddu cd, buon lau, lam nan long cac thi triidng vd hpi nhap kinh te quo'c te
nha dau tU, nhat la ddu tU nUdc ngoai.
TrUdc het, phat trien kinh te thi trUdng d
Thd ba, tinh chat phi thi trUdng eiia nen Viet Nam phai tuan thu eae nguyen tac, tieu
kinh te lam giam kha nang de khang eua ehi eua kinh te thi trUdng hien dai. Nen kinh
nen kinh te triidc nhUng cii so'c ben trong va te eiia ta da hpi nhap vdi khu viic va the gidi
ben ngoai nhU doi pho vdi tinh hinh tiing gia nen can co tii duy toan cau ve phat trien
quo'c te, khiing hoang tai ehinh, tin dung.
kinh te, chuyen tii tU duy quo'c gia sang tU
Bien dpng kinh te nam 2004 va cuoi nam
duy toan cau. Kinh te Viet Nam sau khi gia
2007 den nay da cho thay nen kinh te Viet
nhap WTO la mot bp phan cua nen kinh te
Nam phu thupc mot each bi dpng vao nen
the gidi. Su thay ddi tinh hinh the gidi se
kinh te the gidi. Neu khong co nhUng bien
anh hUdng triic tie'p de'n kinh te Viet Nam.
phap doi pho, tinh trang noi tren se dan den
Nhiing bien dpng ciia kinh te Viet Nam cung
nguy ed khung hoang, danh mat cd hpi cua
se anh hiidng den kinh te the gidi, diipc the
qua trinh hpi nhap. Sii boat dpng kem hieu
gidi chii y quan tam. TU duy toan cau doi hdi
qua cua cac thj trUdng nhU tai ehinh tien te,
viec Ilia chpn ed eau kinh te phai tinh den
chUng khoan, bat dpng san, d mot miic dp
chuyen djch cd cau kinh te toan cau, chuoi
nao do, the hien sii kem hoan hao cua thi
gia trj toan can, theo sii phan cong lao dpng
trUdng nUde ta.
quoc te. Do do phai thiidng xuyen theo doi
Thd tu, sii mec mo thi triidng se co tac
bien dpng thi triidng the gidi, nghien ciiu dii
dpng tieu eUe den viec giai quyet ciie van de
biio tinh hinh thi triidng the gidi. Thii hai.
xa hpi, bao ve djnh hiidng xa hpi ehu nghia
chuyen tU tU duy hanh chinh, menh lenh
cua nen kinh te. Viec phan bd ngudn liic
sang tu duy kinh te - ky thuat. Cac nUdc,
khong theo thj trUdng, mdi trUdng kinh
dae biet la cac niidc phat trien khong chap
doanh khong binh dang, he tho'ng tai chinh
nhan cac bien phap quan ly hanh chinh
yeu kem, cac cong eu dieu tiet thj trUdng
trong thiidng mai qudc te. Mpi quy djnh phai
boat dpng kem hieu qua la nguyen nhan lam
dupe luat hoa, thue hoa, tieu ehuan hoa,
nay sinh eae van de xa hpi nhU bat binh
phai "do" dupc va diide sii chap nhan qudc te.
dang ve thu nhiip, bap benh ve viee lam, gia
ThU ba, ddi mdi tU duy ve quan ly nha nUdc.
tang cac hien tiidng nhii tham nhung, quan
lieu, lam mat long tin cua dan ehiing. Luat phap trong nU6c phai phu hdp vdi quy
tdc quc'c te, theo thong le quo'c te. Dieu hanh
Thd ndm, cac yeu to' phi thi trUdng cua tu phap phai can eU ye'u to' qudc te, ndm
nen kinh te lam giam hinh anh cua Viet
vUng luat phap quo'c te. Chuyen quan ly
Nam trong thiidng mai va ddu tii quo'c te.
theo nganh dpe sang quan ly theo chieu
Dieu niiy anh hiidng den kha niing eanh
ngang, tang cudng tinh lien ke't, hpp tac,
tranh ciia hang hoa Viet Nam. giam sii hap
tang eiidng cd ehe phoi hpp cac Bp/nganh.
dan ddi vdi cac nha ddu tu nude ngoai. Sii
Chu trpng quan ly lien nganh.
ye'u kem ciia thj trUdng nUdc ta ciing tao
dieu kien cho cac nha dau tU nUde ngoai thu 4.2 Hodn thien moi trudng kinh
diidc Ipi nhuan Idn, lam suy ye'u nen kinh te. doanh dam bdo cqnh tranh binh ddng,
Viec bj mot sd niidc eoi la kinh te phi thj han che doc quyen
triidng co the lam phUe tiip ddi vdi giai quyet Ra soat lai he thdng luat phap ve doanh
mot so van de qudc te nhii van de dan chii, nghiep dau tU kinh doanh nhdm tang cUdng
nhiin quyen... tinh mmh biieh, nhat quan. dn djnh va co
1 OUAN LY KINH Ti
56 28(9+10/2009)
- KHAC PHUC Y^U T 6 PHI THI TRLfONG TRONG N^N KINH Tf' VIET NAM HlEN NAY NGHIEN ClAJ - TRAO DOI
the tien lieu dupe; Giam sat qua trinh lap 4.4 Tiep tue doi mdi phUdng thitc
phap va lap quy, bao dam tinh nhat quan qudn ly Nhd nitdc ve kinh te
cua cac van ban phap luat ve kinh doanh: tii Xac dinh lai vai tro, ehUe nang cua bp
Luat cho den cac thii tue, giay phep; Tao may hanh phap trong viee quan ly Nha
diing cac thiet che de ngUdi dan thiie hien to' nUde ve kinh te, loai bd nhUng chUe nang
quyen, yeu cau huy bd cac van ban phap quy trung lap giiia cac bp theo nguyen tac moi
ban che quyen tii do kinh doanh mot each viec chl do mot cd quan ehu tri va ehju traeh
bat hpp ly; Thiic hien viec danh gia anh nhiem. Doi mdi phUdng thiic can thiep eua
hudng eua he thd'ng the che doi vdi moi Nha nUdc vao nen kinh te nham phu hdp vdi
trUdng kinh doanh, nham loai bd cac yeu to' cd che thj trUdng va qua trinh hpi nhap quoc
trd nen lac hau hoae gay can trd. Cdn co
te. Nghien eUu va xac dinh phUdng thUe
chinh sach toan dien tao dieu kien thuan Idi
quan ly va dieu hanh vi mo eua Nha nUde
eho doanh nghiep phat tnen. trong do can
doi vdi nen kinh te, dae biet la doi mdi ed
dae biet ehu trpng ehinh sach ho trd phat
ban cong tac quy hoaeh, ke hoaeh phu hdp
trien cac doanh nghiep vUa va nhd. Thuc
vdi ed ehe thi trUdng va nhUng dinh hudng
day hdn nUa sii phat trien eiia khu viic kinh
phat trien cua Nha niide. Thay doi cd ban
te tu nhan. Tao dieu kien thuan Idi eho viee
muc tieu va phiidng thUc quan ly cong san.
thanh lap doanh nghiep, Idi ldng quy dinh ve
Lam ro npi ham cac npi dung "vai trd chu
dieu kien kinh doanh. Md rpng quyen tii ehu
dao eua kinh te nha nUde" va "vi tri then
kinh doanh ciia doanh nghiep, trUde bet la
cho't cua DNNN", dae biet la xac djnh
trong linh viic xac djnh gia ca, quang cao,
quan ly nhan sii, quan ly tai chinh tien nhUng linh viic Nha niide con phai can nam
lUdng, ehe dp khuyen khich, thanh lap ehi giU vj the doc quyen hoae khong che thj
nhanh va van phdng dai dien. Xoa bo eae trd trUdng. Kien quyet loai bd nhanh cac thu
ngai hanh ehinh quan lieu, tang eiidng tinh tue hanh chinh khong con phu hdp; day
minh bach. Md rpng etinh tranh trong xay niiinh phan cap gan vdi tang eUdng traeh
dUng va cung cap ciic djch vu ha tiing. nhiem va kiem tra, giam sat; day nhanh
tien dp ra quyet dinh eiia ciie ed quan nha
4.3 Doi mdi phitang thitc phdn bo niio'c; thiie hien eong khai. minh bach mpi
nguon li/c chinh Siieh. ed che quan ly, quy trinh tac
Hoan thien khung huit phiip ve sd hUu; nghiep, ehc'ng phien ha, nhung nhieu, tao
ve tai san cong, dau tii cong; Doi mdi the che thuan Idi cho doanh nghiep va nhan dan
thiic hien quyen sd hUii nha niidc doi vdi vo'n giam sat viee thiic hien. Day manh Ung
va tiii san dau tii tai cac doanh nghiep; Hoan dung eong nghe thong tin, gop phan thiic
thien phiip luiit ve thue va phap luat lien hien to't ehu trUdng nay.
quan den thu nhiip/ Idi ich cong dan (vdi tii
each la ngiidi lao dpng, kinh doanh, nha ddu 4.5 Titng bitdc thiet lap quyen sd hitu
tu,...), tao dpng liic va bao dam cong bang xa ve tdi sdn, dde biet la ddt dai
hpi (thong qua viec thiic thi ciic sac thue, bao Nhat quiin quan diem da dang hoa cac
hiem xa hpi, cac khoan chuyen giao va ehinh hinh thUe sd hUu, phat trien kinh te nhieu
saeh ho trd cac nhom de bi ton thUdng), v.v.; thanh phan, md eiia, tao dieu kien cho mpi
Tiep tue doi mdi cong tac ke hoaeh hoa; Ban thanh phdn tham gia ddu tU, kinh doanh
hanh Luiit ve quy hoireh. ke hoaeh phat nhUng ngiinh. hnh viic ma Nha nUde khong
trien kinh te xii hpi; Doi mdi thj triidng lad eii'm. Thay viec Nha nUde dau tU toiin bp
dpng va cai Ciieh tien lUdng, tien ccng trong bang each Nha niidc quy hoaeh, thiet ke,
khu viic nha nUde; Trien khai eae hinh thUe xay diing phiidng iin va keu gpi ddu tU ea
doi tiic cong tU (PPP) trong phiit tnen ket trong va ngoai niide, tao dieu kien eho diin
cau ha tang kinh te - xa hpi. diiu tu, eho cac thanh phan tham gia dau
SA 28 (9+10/2009) OUAN LY KINH TC
- [M NGKIEN CUU - TRAO DOI KHA; : PHUC Y£U TO PHI THI TRLfONG TRONG NEN KINH Tg VlfT NAM HIEN NAY
tu, tao luat ehdi de eae d o a n h n g h i e p thupc quyen sd hUu cd phie'u (cd q u y e n ) va quyen
mpi t h a n h p h d n k i n h te g a n h d u a mot each sd hUu t n thUe (sd hiiu t r i tue); Cac b a n ehe
lanh m a n h . T a t ea vi hieu q u a e h u n g cua t r o n g viec thiic h i e n sd hUu n h a nUde (ve
toan bp nen k i n h te quo'c dan, t r o n g do N h a d a t dai, tai n g u y e n , ddu tU cong, tai san
nUde la ngUdi ehju t r a e h n h i e m toan dien. cong) v.v...
Trong linh viic q u a n ly cong s a n can doi
mdi trong k h u n g l u a t p h a p . chinh saeh:
trong to chUe. q u a n ly tai s a n N h a nUde (dat TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
dai, nha, xUdng, D N N N , v.v,), t h d n g qua • Dmh Van An (2006), Tie'p tue xdy diing vd
viec d a n h gia nhUng ddi mdi tich cUe t r o n g hodn thien the che kinh te thi trUdng dinh
vai tro, vj tri cua k i n h te N h a nUde, cua hudng xd hoi chu nghia d Viet Nam, Sach
D N N N ; Sd hUu N h a nUdc va thiic hien tham khao, NXB Khoa hoc va Ky thuat,
quyen dai dien chu sd hiiu n h a nUde (quan Ha Noi.
ly cong san). Thiia n h a n t r e n thiic te va bao
• Mane Lavigne (2002). Cdc nen kinh te chuyen
hp quyen sd hUu tU n h a n doi vdi cac n h a n to'
ddi, NXB Chinh tri quo'c gia, Ha Noi.
s a n x u a t (von, sUe lao dpng. quyen sii d u n g
• Polouektov A. (2002), "The non - market econ-
d a t dai); thUa n h a n cac q u y e n ve giao dich,
omy '• issue in international trade in the con-
chuyen giao, quyen tii do k i n h doanh: eho
text of WTO Accessions, UNCTAD/DITC/
phep von tU n h a n ddu tU vao cd sd h a tang,
TNCD/MISC.20
sii nghiep cong va eae n g a n h n g h e ma l u a t
p h a p khong cam. K h a n g djnh vai tro ngay • Nguyin Van Nam (2005), Phdt trien kinh te
eang t a n g eua linh vUe sd hUu hdn hdp. Ben thi trudng dinh hUdng XHCN 0 Viet Nam
eanh do, cdn xem xet ky eae b a n che cua he trong dieu kien todn cdu hod vd hoi nhap kinh
tho'ng the che hien h a n h lien q u a n den vii'n te'qudc te, NXB Chinh tri quo'c gia, Ha Noi.
de sd hUu tai san, dae biet la cac " k h o a n g • Vien phat trien quo'c te Harvard (1994), Viet
trong" the che lien q u a n den quyen sd hUu Nam: cdi cdch kinh te theo hUdng rdng bay,
tai san vat chat, quyen ehu nd (triii quyen). NXB Su that. Ha Noi.
J OUAN Lt KINH rC
56 28(9+10/2009)
nguon tai.lieu . vn
