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CARD Project 030/06 VIE: Developing a strategy for enhancing the competitiveness of rural small and medium enterprises in the agro-food chain: the case of animal feed
Policy Brief May 2010
Use of Industrial and Mixed Feed by Livestock Producers in Vietnam
For Information of the Minister of Agriculture, and relevant Departments of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development and Provincial Departments of Agriculture and Rural Development.
Purpose
• To report on research findings relating to the use of livestock feeds by pig and chicken producers in Vietnam, and
• To suggest implications from the research relating to the current and future use of industrial and mixed feeds by livestock producers.
Background
A survey in six provinces of 300 pig and chicken livestock producers of mixed production scale was conducted by the Center for Agricultural Policy in 2009. One of the aims of the survey was to investigate feed use by large and small scale livestock enterprises. Producers were classified as small, medium or large based on their per head production in 2008. For pig producers, small producers were classified as those raising less than 50 head per year, and large more than 120 head per year. The classification of chicken producers was
different for layer and broiler production. For layer production, small firms were classified as those producing less than 1000 head per year, and large as those producing more than 4000 head per year. For broiler production, small firms were classified as those producing less than 500 head per year, and large as those producing more than 3000 head per year.
The cost of animal feed is known to be the largest percentage of total production costs of livestock producers, and in this survey it was found on average that feed costs accounted for 79% of total production costs for chicken producers and 83% of total production costs for pig producers. It is this high share of feed costs in total production costs that makes efficient feed use important in livestock production. In this Policy Brief results from the research related to feed use and feed use efficiency in livestock production are discussed.
Use of feed by livestock producers
Industrial feed is more often used by large producers, and more commonly in early production stages
In general, it was found that industrial feed was used more by larger producer groups, and in the early production stage rather than later stages. These differences by scale were also true for
the amount of industrial feed used: that is, larger producers used more industrial feed (i.e quantity fed per head). Industrial feed produced by foreign companies was generally more favored than that produced by domestic companies, with more than 90% of the surveyed households choosing both complete and concentrate feed with a foreign company brand. The main reason given by producers for this choice was that foreign brand feeds were of better quality and gave greater productivity.
For chicken production: Most surveyed households used complete feed for
chicken production in all three production stages1: however, the
proportion commonly tends to decrease from stage 1 to stage 3 (90%, 63% and 52% for broiler and 82%, 80% and 74% for layer). Overall, the larger the production scale, the more likely that households used complete feed, and this was generally true for all production stages. For medium and large groups, the proportion of broiler households using complete feed was high for all production stages (over 60%), while only about 26% and 43% of small households used complete feed in the second and third production stages respectively. Households with exotic/cross breeds were more likely to use complete feed than those with local chicken, and households raising free-range chickens also tended to use less complete feed.
For pig production: More households used complete feed for raising porkers compared to sow production. For raising sows, the percentage of households using complete feed was generally highest in the lactating period at 65%. For porker production, more households used
1 A chicken batch normally has 3 feeding production stages. For broilers, stage 1 lasts on average for about 29 days, stage 2 is the next 48 days and stage 3 is the last 40 days. For layers, the respective length of the 3 stages is 94 days, 172 days and 250 days.
complete feed in the piglet stage (85%) than in the later stages2. Similar to
chicken production, many more large scale producers fed their pigs using complete feed compared to small scale producers, and this was generally true for all different stages of porker and sow production.
Use of mixed raw feed only diets is no longer prevalent; instead more complete only and diets using mixed industrial and raw feeds are used
Except for a few households that fed only mixed feed to their chickens (9% for broiler and 18% for layer), a large percentage of both pig and chicken producers used complete feed only: 53% for broiler and 64% for layer; and 43% for sow, 77% for piglet and 45% for porker production. The remainder used both complete and mixed feed in the daily diet for livestock. The ratio of concentrate feed in the total mixed feed was found to be about 27% overall for chicken producers, and 17% for porker produecion. Mixed feed was used much more than complete feed by pig households for all production stages.
Efficiency of industrial versus mixed feeds
Using the survey data for the on-farm feed use and liveweight gain, Feed Conversion Ratios (FCRs) were calculated for similar farm outputs: broilers and porkers. For broiler production it was found that on-farm FCRs – the kg of feed fed per kg of bird produced - decreased as production scale increased. The FCRs for broiler production on all farms decreased from local to cross to exotic breed (3.94, 2.45 and 2.24 respectively). The FCR was much lower in households using complete feed only rather than mixed
2 A porker batch consists of two main feeding stages: stage 1 (piglet production) lasts for 60 days and stage 2 (grower plus finisher stage) is 98 days.
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feed, and also significantly lower in households using foreign brand complete feed than those using domestic brands in the case of chicken (2.94 versus 4.18).
FCRs for pig production using complete feed were significantly lower for small scale producers (2.08) compared to large scale producers (2.92). The FCR was also significantly lower for complete feed diets (2.65) compared to mixed feed (4.06), but FCR for pig producers using foreign brand complete feed, however, was not significantly different from those using domestic brands.
FCRs may be used as a standard measure of feed use efficiency. However if a more productive feed costs more per kg, it may be worthwhile for farmers to use the cheaper feed with the higher FCR if the net cost per kg of liveweight gain is lower. The results of this research show some interesting differences between chicken and pig households using different feed types, indicating there may need to be different policy recommendations for each product type and system.
For chicken production: Overall, although the mean cost per day for complete feed only was statistically higher from that for mixed feed, the overall feed cost per kg of liveweight gain between households using complete only and mixed feed was statistically lower for complete feed only diets (22,686 VND versus 27,888 VND) (Table 1). This result supports the use of industrial feed for cost efficient production. Note that cost efficient production should also consider the sale price of the product, which might reflect product differences in taste and quality affected by livestock diets, however this has not been taken into consideration in the analysis. Differences in costs by feed type were not significant for the small and medium scale farms, but for the large scale farms the cost of the
complete only diet per day was significantly lower than for mixed feed.
The effect of brand type on the cost of feed per kg of liveweight gain was also tested but there was no significant difference in the means. Thus, while FCR was lower for the foreign brand feeds, the higher price of this feed balanced out the economic benefits compared to the domestic feed, such that the cost per kg of liveweight gain was no worse than for foreign feed. The mean values were 22,900 VND for foreign feed and 25,300 VND for domestic feed but the differences were not statistically significant.
For pig production: In this case there are significant differences in cost per day between complete only and mixed feed overall (19,230 VND versus 14,370 VND), and for all three production scales (Table 2). Similarly, it was also found that the feed cost per kg of liveweight gain was significantly higher for households using complete feed only compared to those using mixed feed overall (23,580 VND versus 20,150 VND), and those located in the north. These results for pig production support mixed feed use (often using local residual feeds) as households can reduce their feed cost by about 3,400 VND per kg liveweight gain overall. As before, possible differences in sale prices associated with stock raised on different diets have not been considered.
Implications for feed use by livestock producers
• Generally, larger pig and chicken producers are more likely to use a higher percentage of industrial feed in their livestock diets. As the livestock production sector develops and trends towards larger production units, the demand for industrial feed will increase.
• Industrial feed is shown by the results to be a more cost-effective
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diet for chicken producers. However, there is some evidence supporting the cost effective use of mixed feed – particularly for pig production. Mixed feeds are more widely used by small-medium producer enterprises, and the results support the idea that this feed use strategy can be cost-effective. Mixed feeds may also be associated with produce that has a price premium for taste and/or quality, e.g. local chicken.
• SME livestock feed producers tend to supply small producers directly, and domestic feed brands were shown in these results to be as cost-effective for liveweight gain as foreign brands. Higher FCRs were offset by the lower price of domestic
brand feeds. The feasibility of establishing a cluster of animal livestock production and livestock feed producers in rural areas by linking smallholder farmers and SMEs could be investigated.
Further reading
Center for Agricultural Policy, 2010. Small-Medium Enterprises in the Livestock Feed Sector in Vietnam: Vol 1. Livestock feed production. Report for CARD Project 030/06 VIE, Section 6.3.
Center for Agricultural Policy, 2010. Small-Medium Enterprises in the Livestock Feed Sector in Vietnam: Vol II. Feed use by pig and chicken livestock producers. Report for CARD Project 030/06 VIE, Chapter 5.
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Table 1 Feed cost per day and per kg liveweight gain for broiler production: by region, scale and by diet (Source: CARD producer survey 2009)
Feed cost per broiler per day (thousand VND)
Feed cost per kg meat gain (thousand VND)
Overalla By regionb North
South
Complete only
0.64
0.90
0.59
Mixed -complete
0.54
0.57
0.47
Complete only
22.69
18.67
23.69
Mixed -complete
27.89
27.09
30.30
ANOVA# (cost/kg vs feed type)
10%
12%
2%
By broiler scalec
Small 0.34 Medium 0.64
Large 0.72
0.52 25.43 25.36 nsd# 0.50 24.69 26.13 nsd
0.82 20.90 . * 1%
a. Cost per day between feed types at the aggregate level is significant at 10%
b. Complete only feed cost per day is significantly higher in the north, nsd for mixed feed; cost per kg liveweight gain significantly higher in south for mixed feed but nsd for complete only
c. Cost per day nsd between scale for either feed types, cost per kg gain nsd by scale for complete only feed, mean cost per kg for mixed feed significantly higher for large farms
* Only two producers in large group use mixed feed so the result is not shown here. # ANOVA is Analysis of Variance, nsd is No Significant Difference.
Table 2 Feed cost per day and per kg porker liveweight gain, by region, scale and diet type (Source: CARD producer survey 2009)
Feed cost per day (thousand VND)
Feed cost per kg meat gain (thousand VND)
Overall
By region: North South
By scale: Small Medium
Large
Complete only
19.23
16.99 19.44
18.11 19.75
19.41
Mixed -Complete
14.37
13.83 15.08
12.84 15.60
14.92
Anova (cost/day vs feed type)
1%
nsd
1%
1% 5%
5%
Complete only
23.58
26.62 23.28
18.72 24.96
24.92
Mixed -Complete
20.15
20.38 19.84
18.44 21.70
20.66
ANOVA (cost/kg vs feed type)
5%
10% nsd#
nsd nsd
nsd
# ANOVA is Analysis of Variance, nsd is No Significant Difference
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