A History Of Western Philosophy Bertrand Russel

file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/SANTOSH/Desktop/Russell-A%20History%20of%20Western%20Philosophy.html [This page intentionally left blank.] -i- [This page intentionally left blank.] -ii- BERTRAND RUSSELL A HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY And Its Connection with Political and Social Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day SIMON AND SCHUSTER, NEW YORK -iii- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR IN PART IN ANY FORM COPYRIGHT, 1945 , BY BERTRAND RUSSELL PUBLISHED BY SIMON AND SCHUSTER, INC. ROCKEFELLER CENTER, 1230 SIXTH AVENUE NEW YORK 20, N. Y. Fourth Printing MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY AMERICAN BOOK-STRATFORD PRESS, INC., N. Y. -iv- file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/SANTOSH/Desk...ssell-A%20History%20of%20Western%20Philosophy.html (1 of 904)9/10/2006 2:27:01 AM file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/SANTOSH/Desktop/Russell-A%20History%20of%20Western%20Philosophy.html Table of Contents Preface by Author ix Introduction xiii BOOK ONE. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY Part I. The Pre-Socratics 3 Chapter I. The Rise of Greek Civilization 3 Chapter II. The Milesian School 24 Chapter III. Pythagoras 29 Chapter IV. Heraclitus 38 Chapter V. Parmenides 48 Chapter VI. Empedocles 53 Chapter VII. Athens in Relation to Culture 58 Chapter VIII. Anaxagoras 61 Chapter IX. The Atomists 64 Chapter X. Protagoras 73 Part II. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle 82 Chapter XI. Socrates 82 Chapter XII. The Influence of Sparta 94 Chapter XIII. The Sources of Plato`s Opinions 104 Chapter XIV. Plato`s Utopia 108 Chapter XV. The Theory of Ideas 119 Chapter XVI. Plato`s Theory of Immortality 132 Chapter XVII. Plato`s Cosmogony 143 Chapter XVIII. Knowledge and Perception in Plato 149 Chapter XIX. Aristotle`s Metaphysics 159 Chapter XX. Aristotle`s Ethics 172 Chapter XXI. Aristotle`s Politics 184 Chapter XXII. Aristotle`s Logic 195 -v- file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/SANTOSH/Desk...ssell-A%20History%20of%20Western%20Philosophy.html (2 of 904)9/10/2006 2:27:02 AM file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/SANTOSH/Desktop/Russell-A%20History%20of%20Western%20Philosophy.html Chapter XXIII. Aristotle`s Physics 203 Chapter XXIV. Early Greek Mathematics and Astronomy 208 Part III. Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle 218 Chapter XXV. The Hellenistic World 218 Chapter XXVI. Cynics and Sceptics 228 Chapter XXVII. The Epicureans 240 Chapter XXIX. Stoicism 252 Chapter XXIX. The Roman Empire in Relation to Culture 270 Chapter XXX. Plotinus 284 BOOK TWO. CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY Introduction 301 Part I. The Fathers 308 Chapter I. The Religious Development of the Jews 308 Chapter II. Christianity During the First Four Centuries 324 Chapter III. Three Doctors of the Church 334 Chapter IV. Saint Augustine`s Philosophy and Theology 352 Chapter V. The Fifth and Sixth Centuries 366 Chapter VI. Saint Benedict and Gregory the Great 375 Part II. The Schoolmen 388 Chapter VII. The Papacy in the Dark Ages 388 Chapter VIII. John the Scot 400 Chapter IX. Ecclesiastical Reform in the Eleventh Century 407 Chapter X. Mohammedan Culture and Philosophy 419 -vi- Chapter XI. The Twelfth Century 428 Chapter XII. The Thirteenth Century 441 Chapter XIII. Saint Thomas Aquinas 452 Chapter XIV. Franciscan Schoolmen 463 Chapter XV. The Eclipse of the Papacy 476 file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/SANTOSH/Desk...ssell-A%20History%20of%20Western%20Philosophy.html (3 of 904)9/10/2006 2:27:02 AM file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/SANTOSH/Desktop/Russell-A%20History%20of%20Western%20Philosophy.html BOOK THREE. MODERN PHILOSOPHY Part I. From the Renaissance to Hume 491 Chapter I. General Characteristics 491 Chapter II. The Italian Renaissance 495 Chapter III. Machiavelli 504 Chapter IV. Erasmus and More 512 Chapter V. The Reformation and CounterReformation 522 Chapter VI. The Rise of Science 525 Chapter VII. Francis Bacon 541 Chapter VIII. Hobbes`s Leviathan 546 Chapter IX. Descartes 557 Chapter X. Spinoza 569 Chapter XI. Leibniz 581 Chapter XII. Philosophical Liberalism 596 Chapter XIII. Locke`s Theory of Knowledge 604 Chapter XIV. Locke`s Political Philosophy 617 Chapter XV. Locke`s Influence 641 Chapter XVI. Berkeley 647 Chapter XVII. Hume 659 Part II. From Rousseau to the Present Day 675 Chapter XVIII. The Romantic Movement 675 Chapter XIX. Rousseau 684 Chapter XX. Kant 701 Chapter XXI. Currents of Thought in the Nineteenth Century 719 Chapter XXII. Hegel 730 Chapter XXIII. Byron 746 -vii- file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/SANTOSH/Desk...ssell-A%20History%20of%20Western%20Philosophy.html (4 of 904)9/10/2006 2:27:02 AM file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/SANTOSH/Desktop/Russell-A%20History%20of%20Western%20Philosophy.html Chapter XXIV. Schopenhauer 753 Chapter XXV. Nietzsche 760 Chapter XXVI. The Utilitarians 773 Chapter XXVII. Karl Marx 782 Chapter XXVIII. Bergson 791 Chapter XXIX. William James 811 Chapter XXX. John Dewey 819 Chapter XXXI. The Philosophy of Logical Analysis 828 Index 837 -viii- Preface MANY histories of philosophy exist, and it has not been my purpose merely to add one to their number. My purpose is to exhibit philosophy as an integral part of social and political life: not as the isolated speculations of remarkable individuals, but as both an effect and a cause of the character of the various communities in which different systems flourished. This purpose demands more account of general history than is usually given by historians of philosophy. I have found this particularly necessary as regards periods with which the general reader cannot be assumed to be familiar. The great age of the scholastic philosophy was an outcome of the reforms of the eleventh century, and these, in turn, were a reaction against previous corruption. Without some knowledge of the centuries between the fall of Rome and the rise of the medieval Papacy, the intellectual atmosphere of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries can hardly be understood. In dealing with this period, as with others, I have aimed at giving only so much general history as I thought necessary for the sympathetic comprehension of philosophers in relation to the times that formed them and the times that they helped to form. One consequence of this point of view is that the importance which it gives to a philosopher is often not that which he deserves on account of his philosophic merit. For my part, for example, I consider Spinoza a greater philosopher than Locke, but he was far less influential; I have therefore treated him much more briefly than Locke. Some men--for example, Rousseau and Byron-though not philosophers at all in the academic sense, have so profoundly affected the prevailing philosophic temper that the development of philosophy cannot be understood if they are -ix- file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/SANTOSH/Desk...ssell-A%20History%20of%20Western%20Philosophy.html (5 of 904)9/10/2006 2:27:02 AM ... - tailieumienphi.vn