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Foot and Vehicle Surveillance 241 uniform worn by investigators because they know this is how sur-veillance people dress. Common sense will tell you that subjects also know that we dress down for surveillance work, because they watch television and see the uniform. We can exploit this weak-ness by changing our uniforms and dressing appropriately for the environment and the subject. It is the responsibility of each inves-tigator to decide what he or she will wear on any given day of a surveillance operation. Because subjects often travel through a variety of environments, the investigators will want to ensure that they are not always dressed the same but that a variety of dress styles or “classes” are represented so that they can move freely in those particular environments. • Long Stays/Short Stays. The subject may stop in a building, movie theater, store, restaurant, and so on, where it is anticipated she or he will remain for a period of time. Investigators “collapse” around the building waiting for the subject to reappear. While everyone is waiting, investigators become bored, thirsty, and lonely, often moving, changing positions, and often “bunching up.” Investigators usually anticipate the subject will be making a long stay, and they will not be detected. Subjects often depart before the investigators think they will, and the investigators are caught off guard. The investigators scatter in an attempt to resume their positions. • Vehicles. It is often hard to disguise cars. Make your surveillance vehicles have a personality. Add car seats, trailer hitches, and bumper stickers. Keeping your surveillance vehicle ultra-clean and highly waxed or extremely dirty may draw more attention to it than if it has a normal amount of road dirt on it. • Vehicle Usage. Remember, many of our subjects are involved in illegal activity; that is, they are defrauding the insurance compa-ny. As such, many of them are highly suspicious of surveillance, because they know it can cut off their supply of money from the insurance company. Subjects look for the investigator by looking for cars turning in behind them from the right. They will put themselves in your shoes and look for the most logical place for you to be. In vehicle surveillances, they expect you to make a right turn into traffic to follow them since this is easier for you to accomplish than to cross against traffic. Psychologists tell us that 242 Basic Private Investigation subjects will be more conscious of surveillance during the first 10 percent of their trip and the last 10 percent of their trip. In other words, the longer you can delay the pickup, the less likely you will be burned in surveillance. • Highway Courtesy. If you drive with extreme courtesy during sur-veillance you will most likely be marked as surveillance. For example, if you are trying to keep a car between you and the sub-ject, but traffic is light and you keep slowing down at highway entrance ramps to let cars pass and get in front of you, you call attention to yourself. You must be natural and normal in driving, and in some cities, being courteous is not the norm for drivers. • Peeking. Finally, you manage to get a vehicle in front of you, but it just happens to be a bus. You cannot see what your subject is doing or where he is going. So you ease out gently, just enough to peek around the bus at your subject. Once you are satisfied he or she is still in front, you ease back in behind the bus and breathe a sigh of relief. After a short distance, you become worried because you cannot see the subject and you peek again. Peeking will get your surveillance blown in a very short time. Some of the activities we spoke about before now can result in the inadvertent or accidental disclosure of the surveillance to the subject. However, there are subjects who will purposely act to try to identify surveillance following them. Surveillance Dry Cleaning Subjects may attempt to identify or shake surveillance when they begin movement. This activity is known as “dry cleaning.” Some of the tricks that they may employ (and could be employed by any sub-ject who has read a novel or watched a movie about spies or the police) include the following: A. In and Out. Buildings, stores and shops are used by the subjects to go in and come out quickly. This activity often forces the inves-tigator to follow the subject in and out of those same buildings, and therefore become familiar to the subject. B. Ducks in a Row. Basically there are four maneuvers used by the subjects to draw out surveillance and line them up like “ducks in a row.” Foot and Vehicle Surveillance 243 1. Stops (see Long and Short Stays) a. Expressway Turn-Off. Counter-surveillance will be sitting near the ramp ready to identify all the vehicles coming off behind the subject, or the subject will simply observe who follows them off the highway. b.Reverse. The subject will drive into a park or housing area where he knows the road just loops around and comes out the same way. With only one way in and out, any surveil-lance vehicles which follow him in will be easily identified by him as he drives out. c. Choking. The subject will try to find a bridge, tunnel or road where the surveillance team has no alternative but to line up and follow—a chokepoint. At the other end, counter-surveil-lance will be waiting to identify surveillance vehicles as they come out of the chokepoint. 2. Windows. Subjects will look in the window reflections to spot surveillance. Another favorite trick is to enter a store and then look out the window. It is difficult for the surveillance team to look in, but the subject can easily see out. 3. Stores. Subjects will go straight to the back of a store and browse from back to front. They can then try to spot surveil-lance as it enters. Normally people will enter and browse from front to back. 4. Restaurants. Subjects use time as the main factor to detect sur-veillance. If anyone follows them in, they believe it to be sur-veillance. If you decide to follow the subject into a restaurant, ensure that if you order food, you order something which can be received quickly, so that the subject does not leave without you. If you see the subject leave before you receive your food, leave your food behind and follow the subject. You can be reimbursed for the money you wasted, but losing the subject may result in a tremendous loss for us and the client. C. Movement/No Movement. Another favorite technique of sub-jects is to draw surveillance into a place where there is a great deal of movement (a busy street) and then just stop. The oppo-site would be to draw surveillance into an area where there is no movement and then quickly move through the area. They are looking for movement when there should be none and no move- 244 Basic Private Investigation ment when there should be movement. D.Out of Uniform. The subject will start off in one venue or part of town, but quickly move to another where the clothes you are wearing may not be appropriate. A favorite trick is to go from a business district (i.e. where business suits are appropriate) to a park (where suits are not appropriate), or from the hotel restau-rant to the pool. E. Change of Venue. This is similar to Out of Uniform. Basically, the subject will try to draw out surveillance by moving into dif-ferent areas to make it more difficult for the surveillance to cover them, force decision making process and communications. F. Eyes. The subject will walk down a very busy street. Suddenly, he will stop and turn around very quickly, looking at the people following him. He is looking for the one set of eyes that are look-ing away because everyone else will probably be looking at them since they stopped abruptly. G.Throw-Aways (bait). Subjects will throw an item away in plain view. This diverts your attention and eyes. While you are look-ing one way, they may be noting the numbers on a telephone pole the other way. If someone stops to pick up the bait, counter-surveillance may then burn the surveillance. The basic philosophy behind all of these tricks is to force the inves-tigator into making a decision. Foreign intelligence services used to say that they believed that if they forced the decision-making process, the investigator would make the wrong decision 50 percent of the time. Remember, however, we are not the only ones who make mistakes. The subject is just as likely to make mistakes as we are, and very often we can take advantage of those mistakes. Subject Vulnerabilities The subjects themselves often create vulnerabilities that can be exploited by investigators. In other words, they are human too, and humans make mistakes. However, if we do not know whether these vulnerabilities exist, we cannot take advantage of them. The following are some basic considerations we must be aware of: Foot and Vehicle Surveillance 245 • We must know all we can about the subject prior to the surveil-lance. There is often a great deal of information readily available to us about the subject that we can gain through our subject study mentioned previously. • We must think from the subject’s perspective. We need to keep our “face” (surveillance) as small as possible. • We must “freeze the scene” on every surveillance. We should plan and conduct our surveillance so that we always come away with something. We must gather all available information and then analyze and exploit the information. • Think Beyond Placement. We often develop good surveillance plans and place investigators in good locations but fail to think beyond the initial placement. Each investigator should know exactly what she or he is supposed to do, observe, and record whilein place, and where she or he is supposed to go when activ-ity occurs. • Come out of the subject area the same way you went in. If you go in covertly, then come out covertly. We very often terminate a surveillance only to have a client come back later and request more work be done. If we “heat up” the subject, we are only mak-ing our job harder. • Anticipate the unexpected. Plan, plan, plan. • Always assume there is countersurveillance, regardless of what type of investigation you are conducting. Subjects in all types of investigations have been known to have friends or accomplices observe the area or transactions to detect if any police or investi-gators are present. No matter what type of subject you are surveilling, there are always going to be mistakes by the subject that you may be able to exploit. At the same time, we must guard against making mistakes ourselves. If we plan for our own movements and actions and watch for mistakes made by the subject, we can increase our chances to conduct a successful surveillance and achieve the objectives we set out to achieve. ... - tailieumienphi.vn
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